Camphene Camphor

Use Solvent for protective coatings, polishes, and waxes synthesis of camphene, camphor, geraniol, terpin hydrate, terpineol, synthetic pine oil, terpene esters and ethers, lubricating oil additives, flavoring odorant. 

Kiku OIL Obtained by distillation From leaves and flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum L., Compasitae. Produced in Japan Perrier, Buff. Soc. Chim. France [3] 23, 216 (1900). Constil. f-Camphene, camphor carvone, xantho-phyll. coumarin, angelic acid esters. 

Phytochemistry The plant contains tanshinones (Sairafianpour et al. 2001). Water-distiUed essential oils from leaves collected in Arslonbob (Kyrgyzystan) contained cineole, pinene, epi-13-manool, bomyl acetate, camphene, camphor, caryo-phyllene, caryophyUene oxide, humulene, caryophylladienol, bomeol, and other compounds (Basher et al. 1997). 

Lavender, Rosemary Camphene, Camphor, Borneol, Pinene Pressure 20.3 MPa temperature 50°C [70]... 

The following well-known monoterpenoids have been described from lichens, but without identification of their optical rotation borneol, camphene, camphor, 1,8-cineol, p-cymene, fenchol, limonene, linalool, a-pinene, (3-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, a-terpineol, a-thujone, (3-thujone [all from Evernia prunastri [319)], and carvone [from Cetraria islandica ((555)]. 

Borneol and isoboineol are respectively the endo and exo forms of the alcohol. Borneol can be prepared by reduction of camphor inactive borneol is also obtained by the acid hydration of pinene or camphene. Borneol has a smell like camphor. The m.p. of the optically active forms is 208-5 C but the racemic form has m.p. 210-5 C. Oxidized to camphor, dehydrated to camphene. 

Ordinary commercial camphor is (-i-)-cam phor, from the wood of the camphor tree. Cinnamonum camphora. Camphor is of great technical importance, being used in the manufacture of celluloid and explosives, and for medical purposes, /t is manufactured from pinene through bornyl chloride to camphene, which is either directly oxidized to camphor or is hydrated to isoborneol, which is then oxidized to camphor. A large number of camphor derivatives have been prepared, including halogen, nitro and hydroxy derivatives and sulphonic acids. 

By oxidation with permanganate it forms pinonic acid, C,oH,<503, a monobasic acid derived from cyclobutane. With strong sulphuric acid it forms a mixture of limonene, dipentene, terpinolene, terpinene, camphene and p-cymene. Hydrogen chloride reacts with turpentine oil to give CioHijCl, bomyl chloride, artificial camphor . 

Most synthetic camphor (43) is produced from camphene (13) made from a-piuene. The conversion to isobomyl acetate followed by saponification produces isobomeol (42) ia good yield. Although chemical oxidations of isobomeol with sulfuric/nitric acid mixtures, chromic acid, and others have been developed, catalytic dehydrogenation methods are more suitable on an iadustrial scale. A copper chromite catalyst is usually used to dehydrogenate isobomeol to camphor (171). Dehydrogenation has also been performed over catalysts such as ziac, iadium, gallium, and thallium (172). 

Isoborneol yields camphor on oxidation, but it yields camphene on dehydration much more readily than borneol does. If a solution of isoborneol in benzene be heated with chloride of zinc for an hour, an almost quantitative yield of camphene is obtained. Pure borneol under the same conditions is practically unchanged. 

As is the case with many members of Lamiaceae, Satureja douglasii produces abundant essential oil from glandular trichomes on the leaves. Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oils from specimens collected throughout the species range revealed the presence of some dozen and a half well-known compounds. The major compounds identified were camphene [215], camphor [216], which, taken together, were considered to comprise the bicyclic type, carvone [217], pulegone [218], menthone [219], and isomenthone [220] (see Fig. 2.68 for structures 215-220). The predominance of each of these major components defined a terpene type. (All compounds were observed in each of the terpene types, most in comparatively small amounts, some only as traces.)... 

The major structural difference between monocyclic and bicyclic compounds should be obvious camphene and camphor exhibit bridged structures. It should be noted, however, that the monocyclic compounds can be further distinguished from each other based on the position of the oxygen atom, located at C-2 in carvone, and at C-3 in pulegone, and in the menthones. Work by others had shown that the... 

To compounds which dissolve with difficulty in camphor, decompose at the temperature of melting, or react with camphor this method cannot, of course, be applied. In such cases use as solvent the hydrocarbon camphene,1 which melts at 49°. 

The dehydration of d-2-endo- and i-2-ca o-bornanols was studied by Watanabe et al. (73) at 275° using an acidic alumina and the same alumina modified by the introduction of piperidine to the hydrocarbon solution of the bornanols. Under nonacidic conditions of dehydration, 2-exo-bornanol formed 4.3% tricyclene, 95.2% camphene, and 0.5% camphor. 2-ewdo-Bornanol under similar conditions formed 12.5% tricyclene and 86.5% camphene. 

X-Ray diffraction studies of ( )-carbocamphenilone," of (-)-camphene-8-carboxylic acid," and of a number of Money s brominated camphor derivatives (Vol. 6, p. 39 Vol. 7, p. 40) have been published they include 8-bromo-camphor," l,7-dibromo-3,3,4-trimethylnorbornan-2-one, l,7-dibromo-4-... 

Bomeol is oxidized to camphor with chromic or nitric acid dehydration with dilute acids yields camphene. Bomeol is readily esterified with acids, but on an industrial scale bornyl esters are prepared by other routes. For example, levorotatory bomeol is synthesized industrially from levorotatory pinenes by Wagner Meerwein rearrangement with dilute acid, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting esters [86]. 

The bornane-, camphane- and fenchane-type monoterpenes possess the [2.1.1] bicyclic skeleton formed by different cyclisation of the terpinyl cation. Important members include borneol 47, isobornyl acetate 48, camphene 49, camphor 50, fenchone 51 (Structure 4.12). 

By isomerisation, a-pinene can be converted into camphene, and this can then be esterified to obtain an ester of isoborneate, which can be saponified to isoborneol. Isoborneol can be dehydrogenated to camphor, which can be reduced again to borneol, which is used in many fruit flavours. 

Curcuma longa L. C. domestica L. Yu Jin (Turmeric) (tuber) 1-curcamene, sesquiterpene, camphor, camphene, curmarin, curzernone, curzenene, curcumol, furanodienone, furanodiene, zederone, curcolone, diol, procurcumenol, curdione, curcumin. 33-398-460-510 Anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-infectious properties, antioxidative activity. Activate blood flow, remove blood stasis. 

Curcuma pallida Lour. C. phaeocoulis Val. EZhu Peng Wo Mao (rhizome) Volatile oil, cineole, camphene, zingiberene, bomeol, camphor, curcumin, zedoarin, gum, resin.60 Stomachic, carminative. 

Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. D. camphora Colebr. Loan Now Xiang (Borneo camphor) (kernel of the fruit) Bomeol, camphene, terpineol, sesquiterpene.60 This herb is toxic. A tonic and aphrodisiac, cataracts, reduce swelling. Externally for mucous membrane of the nose, eye, throat, and on piles. 

N.A. Camphor, camphene, dipentene, limonene, phyllandrene, pinene, cinnamaldehyde.99-100 119 Carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and antiviral. 

Solvent Norbor- 3-Bromo- 3-Bromo 3-Methyl- 1-Methyl- Camphor 3-Bromo- 9,3-Di- Fenchone Camphene... 

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