Focusing cameras

In one inspection performed at a plant right after 9/11, we drove up to the entrance gate and were impressed with the height and condition of the razor wire-topped fence and gates. We could not enter through the gates until we identified ourselves over a speaker system while a CCTV camera focused on my face. We were let in and given... 

Sharp photographs with a low background intensity are produced by such cameras. Focusing cameras, however, are used less for identification than for special purposes such as the accurate determination o unit cell dimensions. Further information on this subject will be found on p. 193. 

ULTRASONIC CAMERA FOCUSING SYSTEM ---ULTRASONIC CLEANERS... 

Blandin et. al. [149] measured agglomeration in a crystallizer using a video camera focused on a thick black screen inside the crystallizer and connected to an image analysis system. This system films and measures particles circulating between the screen and the transparent crystallizer wall. 

Injection molding machines with an optical (e.g., CCD camera, focus variation) measuring device and automated product handling (see... 

To confirm the short focal length of nanolens through an experiment, we investigate the optical experiment to take transmitted images through the CHQ nanolens (D = 1.7 p,m, H = 0.48 p,m), which were recorded by an optical microscope with CCD camera focused on different image planes at a distance Zip from the lens/disk... 

Some manufacturers of EDXRF spectrometers (e.g., Horiba, Jorden Valley, Rigaku, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Oxford Instruments, etc.) have developed X-ray analytical microscopes for imaging which include CCD camera, focused X-Ray system, and a vacuum Fluorescent X-Ray probe. These spectrometers allow measurements on spot sizes as small as 10 microns on samples as small as 512 microns square or up to 100 mm square. These spectrometers are being used in fields as diverse as electronics, medicine, food, cosmetics, life science, plastics and alloy analysis, provide elemental mapping of a number of elements simultaneously in a wide variety of sample types. 

Automatic camera focusing systems and camera shutters... 

The eombination in a compact system of an infrared sensor and a laser as excitation source is called a photothermal camera. The surface heating is aehieved by the absorption of the focused beam of a laser. This localisation of the heating permits a three-dimensional heat diffusion in the sample to be examined. The infrared (IR) emission of the surface in the neighbourhood of the heating spot is measured by an infrared detector. A full surface inspection is possible through a video scanning of the excitation and detection spots on the piece to test (figure 1). 

The principle of optical triangulation has been known since the time of the early Greeks, and indeed optical triangulation has been used for hundreds of years in applications such as surveying, camera auto-focus and even smart-bombs. With the advent of low-cost, compact electro-optic components such as lateral-effect photodetectors, diode lasers and micro-optics, laser-based triangulation sensors can now be employed for applications that were, heretofore, considered uninspectable. 

In TEM, a focused electron beam is incident on a thin (less than 200 nm) sample. The signal in TEM is obtained from both undeflected and deflected electrons that penetrate the sample thickness. A series of magnetic lenses at and below the sample position are responsible for delivering the signal to a detector, usually a fluorescent screen, a film plate, or a video camera. Accompanying this signal transmission is a... 

Experiments by Schmidli et al. (1990) were focused on the distribution of mass on rupture of a vessel containing a superheated liquid below its superheat-temperature limit. Flasks (50-ml and 100-mI capacity) were partially filled with butane or propane. Typically, when predetermined conditions were reached, the flask was broken with a hammer. Expansion of the unignited cloud was measured by introduction of a smoke curtain and use of a high speed video camera. Large droplets were visible, but a portion of the fuel formed a liquid pool beneath the flask. Figure 6.5 shows that, as superheat was increased, the portion of fuel that... 

The SAXS intensity distribution was measured with a rotating anode x-ray generator (Rigaku Denki, Rotaflex, RTP 300 RC) operated at 40 kV and 100 mA. The x-ray source was monochrolmatized to CuK (A = 0.154 nm) radiation. The SAXS patterns were taken with a fine-focused x-ray source using a flat plate camera (Rigaku Denki, RU-lOO). In the measurement of the solution sample, we used a glass capillary (< = 2.0 mm Mark-Rohrchen Ltd.) as a holder vessel. 

An X-ray powder photograph taken with a focusing camera and X rays monochromatized by crystal reflection would probably show more than 100 powder lines, providing a more rigorous text of the proposed structure. Accurate values of predicted intensities of the lines will become available only after coordinates have been assigned to all of the atoms, a formidable task with such a complicated structure. This task is now being attempted (S. Samson, personal communication). 

In the conics section we discussed the property of parabolas. Since one of its conjugates is at infinity, it will form a perfect image from the infinite conjugate at focus. This is the basis for a single mirror telescope. This telescope is either used at this prime focus, or sometimes a folding flat mirror (Newtonian telescope) is used to fold the beam to a convenient location for a camera or the... 

Obtained on a 115-mm diameter AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft) Guinier camera using Seeman-Bohlin focusing and Cu Ka, radiation (X 1.5405 A). 

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