Calcium vitamin D and

Sorrell M. Rosen JF, Roginskv M. 1977. Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in lead burdened children. Arch Environ Health 32 160-164. 

Martinez, M. E., and Willett, W. C. (1998). Calcium, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7,163-168. 

Lamprecht, S. A. and Lipkin, M., 2003, Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 3, 601—14. 

Lagman R, Walsh D. Dangerous nutrition Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia. Support Care Cancer 2003 ll(4) 232-5. 

Inkovaara J, Gothoni G, Halttula R, Heikinheimo R, Tokola O. Calcium, vitamin D and anabolic steroid in treatment of aged bones double-blind placebo-controlled longterm clinical trial. Age Ageing 1983 12(2) 124-30. 

Drinka PJ, Nolten WE. Hazards of treating osteoporosis and hypertension concurrently with calcium, vitamin D, and distal diuretics. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984 32(5) 405-7. 

Inadequate calcium, vitamin D, and nutritional intake also contribute to bone loss and fractures. Vitamin D insufficiency results from poor sun exposure, decreased cutaneous production, insufficient dietary intake, and decreased absorption. Calcium and vitamin D insufficiency promotes secondary hyperparathyroidism and associated bone loss (see Fig. 88-3). 

This is what happened in the Jinzu River basin as locally grown rice became contaminated with cadmium. Dietary exposure was high as rice was the staple diet of most local people and as a result of chronic exposure to cadmium in the diet many began to suffer bone disease and abnormalities of calcium metabolism and kidney problems, a condition that known locally as itai-itai disease (literally translated as ouch ouch ).38 This disease became most apparent during and immediately after the Second World War with elderly women, particularly women who had given birth to several children, most affected. During this period, food was scarce and the diets of local people became extremely heavily dependent on rice. In addition, the scarcity of food meant that the diet of many people was also deficient in calcium, vitamin D and protein. These factors exacerbated the toxicity of cadmium, and in a relatively small area over two hundred elderly women were severely affected, many of whom eventually died as a result of this condition. It has since been estimated that people in the Jinzu River basin had a... 

There is evidence suggesting that certain dietary supplements may be benehcial, especially folate, selenium, chromium, calcium, vitamin D, and fish oil. The use of dietary supplements has increased rapidly in recent years, and around half of the people in North America now use supplements regularly. There is very little regulation of the marketing of supplements in the United States. However, Canada is now in the process of enforcing strict regulations. 

Lipkin M, Newmark H. Boone CW and Kelloee GJ (1991) Calcium, vitamin D, and colon cancer. Cancer Res 51 3069-3070. 

Whedon GD (1980) Recent advances in management of osteoporosis. In Massry SG, Ritz E, Jahn H, eds. Phosphate and Mineral in Health and Disease, pp. 600-613. Plenum Press New York. Whitfield JF (1991) Calcium, switches, cell cycles, differentiation and death. In Lipkin M, Newmark G, KellofF G, eds. Calcium, vitamin D and prevention of colon cancer. CRC Press Boston. Whitfield JF (1997) Calcium cell cycle driver, differentiator and killer. Chapman Hall New York. WiRSCHiNG F (2002) Calcium Sulfate. In Ull-manris Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th completely revised edition, Vol. 6, pp. 89-122. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co KGaA Weinheim, Germany. 

Sorrell M, Rosen JF, Roginsky MR (1977) Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D and nutrition in lead-burdened children. Arch. Environ. Health 32 160-164 Watson WS, Hume R, Moore MR (1980) Oral absorption of lead and iron. Lancet 2 236-237 Willoughby RA, Thirapatsakun T, McSherry BJ (1972) Lead poisoning and the interaction between lead and zinc poisoning in the food. Can. J. Comp. Med. 36 348-359... 

Vantint SJ, Ried K. Efficacy and tolerability of calcium, vitamin D and a plant-based omega-3 oil for osteopenia a pilot RCT. Maturitas January 2012 71(l) 44-8. 

Body JJ, Bergmann P, Boonen S, Devogelaer JP, Gieln E, Goemaers S, et al. Extrasceletal benefits and risks of calcium vitamin D and anti-osteoporotic medications. Osteoporos Int 2012 23(l) Sl-23. 

The human body has a limited ability to resist injury from physical agents, by virtue of the innate strength of such tissues as skin, muscle, and bone. However, people whose tissues have been previously weakened by poor nutrition may be badly hurt by even the mildest of injurious agents. For example, older people may have bones which are easily broken, due to long subsistence on a diet low in calcium, vitamin D, and/or protein. Some of the other ways in which nutritional factors affect susceptibility to injury follow. 

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