Calcium hydroxide chloride

The calcium oxide so produced is slaked to give a suspension of calcium hydroxide and this is heated with the filtrate from the carbonator which contains ammonium chloride ... 

Cannot be used for alcohols, phenols or amines, with all of which it combines. Not advisable for acidic liquids, as ordinary calcium chloride always contains some calcium hydroxide owing to partial hydrolysis during preparation. Usually used for alcohols (see p. 88). Cannot be used for acidic compounds, nor for esters, which it would hydrolyse. 

The industrial process for preparing the reagent usually permits a little hydrolysis to occur, and the product may contain a little free calcium hydroxide or basic chloride. It cannot therefore be employed for drying acids or acidic liquids. Calcium chloride combines with alcohols, phenols, amines, amino-acids, amides, ketones, and some aldehydes and esters, and thus cannot be used with these classes of compounds. 

The polymerization is carried out at temperatures of 0—80°C in 1—5 h at a soHds concentration of 6—12%. The polymerization is terminated by neutralizing agents such as calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, or lithium hydroxide. Inherent viscosities of 2-4 dL/g are obtained at 3,4 -dianiinodiphenyl ether contents of 35—50 mol %. Because of the introduction of nonlinearity into the PPT chain by the inclusion of 3,4 -dianiinodiphenyl ether kinks, the copolymer shows improved tractabiUty and may be wet or dry jet-wet spun from the polymerization solvent. The fibers are best coagulated in an aqueous equiUbrium bath containing less than 50 vol % of polymerization solvent and from 35 to 50% of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride. 

Uses. AEyl chloride is industrially the most important aHyl compound among all the aHyl compounds (see Chlorocarbons and CHLOROHYDROCARBONS, ALLYL CHLORIDE). It is used mosdy as an intermediate compound for producing epichlorohydrin, which is consumed as a raw material for epoxy resins (qv). World production of AC is approximately 700,000 tons per year, the same as that of epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is produced in two steps reaction of AC with an aqueous chlorine solution to yield dichloropropanol (mixture of 1,3-dichloropropanol and 2,3-dichloropropanol) by chlorohydrination, and then saponification with a calcium hydroxide slurry to yield epichlorohydrin. 

Typical values for mf n are 0.5 to 2.5. Gommercially used bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide (lime), magnesium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium alurninate, calcium carbonate, or various mixtures. For certain appHcations, PAG can be made from waste grades of aluminum chloride [7446-70-0] such as spent catalyst solutions from Friedel-Grafts synthesis (see Friedel-Grafts reaction). 

Aluminum sulfate [7784-31-8] solutions can also be used for all or part of the PAG Al source. In one process, a mixture of alum and aluminum chloride is neutralized using calcium carbonate, and soHd calcium sulfate [7778-18-9] is removed by filtration (22). In another process alum is mixed with calcium chloride and calcium hydroxide (23) ... 

The Hquor is then treated with calcium hydroxide (milk of lime) which reacts with the fixed salts, mosdy ammonium chloride, to Hberate ammonia. The Hquor is regenerated in a steam stripping operation. 

Bleaching Powder. This material, known siace 1798, is made by chlorination of slightly moist hydrated lime, calcium hydroxide [1305-62-0] Ca(OH)2- It has the empirical formula Ca(OCl)2 CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 2H20. Its compositioa, loag a subject of coatroversy, was estabHshed by phase studies, microscopy, and x-ray diffraction techniques (241). The initial chlorination products are monobasic calcium chloride [14031-38-4] and dibasic calcium hypochlorite [12394-14-8] ... 

Dehydrochlorination of chlorinated derivatives such as 1,1,2-trichloroethane may be carried out with a variety of catalytic materials, including Lewis acids such as aluminum chloride. Refluxing 1,1,2-trichlorethane with aqueous calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide produces 1,1-dichloroethylene in good yields (22), although other bases such as magnesium hydroxide have been reported (23). Dehydrochlorination of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane isomer with catalytic amounts of a Lewis acid also yields 1,1-dichloroethylene. Other methods to dehydrochlorinate 1,1,1-trichloroethane include thermal dehydrochlorination (24) and by gas-phase reaction over an alumina catalyst or siUca catalyst (25). 

Reactions of the Side Chain. Benzyl chloride is hydrolyzed slowly by boiling water and more rapidly at elevated temperature and pressure in the presence of alkaHes (11). Reaction with aqueous sodium cyanide, preferably in the presence of a quaternary ammonium chloride, produces phenylacetonitrile [140-29-4] in high yield (12). The presence of a lower molecular-weight alcohol gives faster rates and higher yields. In the presence of suitable catalysts benzyl chloride reacts with carbon monoxide to produce phenylacetic acid [103-82-2] (13—15). With different catalyst systems in the presence of calcium hydroxide, double carbonylation to phenylpymvic acid [156-06-9] occurs (16). Benzyl esters are formed by heating benzyl chloride with the sodium salts of acids benzyl ethers by reaction with sodium alkoxides. The ease of ether formation is improved by the use of phase-transfer catalysts (17) (see Catalysis, phase-thansfer). 

V,/V dipheny1ethy1enediamine. The cure mechanism probably involves an amine-catalyzed decomposition of the sulfonyl chloride group or a path of radical anions. The cross-link probably involves the HVA-2. Calcium hydroxide or other SO2 absorbers must be included for development of good mechanical properties. 

Chlorohydrin Process. Ethylene oxide is produced from ethylene chlorohydrin by dehydrochlorination using either sodium or calcium hydroxide (160). The by-products include calcium chloride, dichloroethane, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, and acetaldehyde. Although the chlorohydrin process appears simpler, its capital costs are higher, largely due to material of constmction considerations (197). 

In lieu of utilizing calcium carbonate as the neutralizing agent, calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, barium chloride or other alkaline earth metal salt or hydroxide forming an insoluble Sulfate may be employed. 

Isobutyryl chloride Ammonia Hydrogen chloride Bromine Calcium hydroxide... 

Cadmium chloride Naproxen Calcium bisulfite obesilate calcium Calcium carbonate Caraspirin calcium Medazepam Calcium chloride Docusate calcium Fibrinolysin Calcium ferricyanide Sulfamethizole Calcium hydroxide Cyclamate calcium Inositol... 

Metal Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Sodium chromate Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide A mmonium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide (sat d) Barium hydroxide (sat d)... 

While pure chlorine gas will certainly bleach colors, laundry bleaches use sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, which works by releasing oxygen, not chlorine. The chlorine remains in solution, either as sodium chloride (table salt), or calcium chloride. These bleaches are made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of sodium hydroxide (lye) or calcium hydroxide (quicklime). 

Self-Test L.3A A student used a sample of hydrochloric acid that was known to contain 0.72 g of hydrogen chloride in 500.0 mL of solution to titrate 25.0 ml. of a solution of calcium hydroxide. The stoichiometric point was reached when 15.1 mL of acid had been added. What was the molarity of the calcium hydroxide solution ... 

Ammonia, whose name seems to come from that of the Egyptian god Amon, was obtained for the first time in 1612 by Kunchel by heating ammonium chloride from animal excrements with calcium hydroxide [1]. This gas, described as stifling, has been studied by Scheele and Priestley, and its formula (NH3) was established by Berthollet in 1875 [1, 2]. 

Breath Collect air from breathing zone using a midget impinger containing calcium hydroxide-calcium sulfide-arabinogalactan slurry add solution of A/iV-dimethyl-p-phenylenedi-amine and ferric chloride. Spectrophotometry 0.20 pg/m3 80 NIOSH 1977... 

In this system, the least soluble component is sodium bicarbonate, so this crystallizes out. On calcination it yields sodium carbonate and the carbon dioxide is recycled. The ammonia is recovered by adding calcium hydroxide, producing calcium chloride waste and liberating the... 

CH2=CH2 + Cl2 + h2o = CH20H-CH2C1 + HC1 Chloroalcohols are important intermediates. Propylene chlorohydrin is made similarly and is used for making propylene oxide by hydrolysis with either calcium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. If calcium hydroxide is used, the byproduct calcium chloride is useless and must be dumped. If sodium hydroxide is used, the byproduct sodium chloride can be recycled to the Castner-Kellner process. 

Holter A flue-gas desulfurization process in which the sulfur dioxide is absorbed in an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride, yielding gypsum. Operated in an experimental plant at the Weiherr III power station in Quierscheid, Germany, in 1988. 

NRS [New Regeneration System] A process for regenerating the ion-exchange resin used for removing calcium from sugar solution. If sodium chloride were used, the waste calcium chloride solution would have to be disposed of if sodium hydroxide were used, calcium hydroxide would be precipitated in the resin. The NRS process uses sodium hydroxide in the presence of sucrose, which retains the calcium in solution as calcium saccharate. Developed by the IMACTI Division of Duolite International, The Netherlands. 

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