Calcium chloride hydroxide hydrate

The product (5.0 g) is dissolved in an aqueous solution (30 ml) of sodium hydroxide (0.82 g). To the solution washed with ether is added an aqueous solution (5 ml) of calcium chloride 2 hydrate (1.6 g) to form a precipitate. The precipitate washed with water gives calcium 2-[4-(2-... 

The process can be simplified by chlorinating a mixture of calcium chloride and hydrated lime in the presence of prismatic seed crystals of calcium hypochlorite dihydrate. The resulting slurry is easy to filter and calcium hypochlorite dihydrate, which is not contaminated by sodinm chloride, can be removed. The mother liquor is treated with hydrochloric acid or a metal oxide to convert dissolved calcium hypochlorite to calcium chloride. It is then recycled into the process. The calcium chloride aids the dispersion of lime. The seed crystals are made by chlorinating a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodinm hydroxide in the presence of citric acid. ... 

Nesquehonite Calcium fluosilicate Beta silicon carbide Sodium sulfide Sodium fluoride Magnesium carbonate chloride hydroxide hydrate Magnesium pyrophosphate Anorthoclase Alpha cristobcdite Sodium hydroxide Calcium aluminum oxide sulfate... 

Both forms sublime very readily, even at room temperature a small sample on exposure to the air will completely volatilise in a short time, particularly on a warm day or if the sample is exposed to a gentle current of air. Hence the above method for rapid drying. A sample confined in an atmospheric desiccator over calcium chloride rapidly disappears as the vapour is adsorbed by the calcium chloride. A sample of the hexahydrate similarly confined over sodium hydroxide undergoes steady dehydration with initial liquefaction, for the m.p. of the hydrated-anhydrous mixture is below room temperature as the dehydration proceeds to completion, complete resolidification occurs. 

Deliquescence and efflorescence. A substance is said to deliquesce (Latin to become liquid) when it forms a solution or liquid phase upon standing in the air. The essential condition is that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution of the highest hydrate at the ordinary temperature should be less than the partial pressure of the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere. Water will be absorbed by the substance, which gradually liquefies to a saturated solution water vapour will continue to be absorbed by the latter until an unsaturated solution, having the same vapour pressure as the partial pressure of water vapour in the air, is formed. In order that the vapour pressure of the saturated solution may be sufficiently low, the substance must be extremely soluble in water, and it is only such substances (e.g., calcium chloride, zinc chloride and potassium hydroxide) that deliquesce. 

Bleaching Powder. This material, known siace 1798, is made by chlorination of slightly moist hydrated lime, calcium hydroxide [1305-62-0] Ca(OH)2- It has the empirical formula Ca(OCl)2 CaCl2 Ca(OH)2 2H20. Its compositioa, loag a subject of coatroversy, was estabHshed by phase studies, microscopy, and x-ray diffraction techniques (241). The initial chlorination products are monobasic calcium chloride [14031-38-4] and dibasic calcium hypochlorite [12394-14-8] ... 

A. Anhydrous hydrazine (Note 1). A 250-ml. distilling flask is set in an oil bath and connected to a condenser by means of a cork covered with tin foil (Note 2) a 250-ml. suction flask is used as the receiver. This flask carries a calcium chloride guard tube and is connected to a condenser through a cork covered with tin foil. In the distillation flask are placed 60 g. of 85% aqueous hydrazine hydrate (Note 3) and 60 g. of sodium hydroxide pellets (Note 4). The temperature of the oil bath is raised... 

The banning of calcium chloride during the last decade provided the impetus for the development of alternative materials which accelerated the hydration of cement without the potential for corrosion. A number of inorganic and organic compounds including aluminates, sulfates, formates, thiosulfates, nitrates, silicates, alkali hydroxides, carbonates, nitrites and calcium salts have been evaluated. Commercialization and field experience, however, is limited to only a few of these materials. 

With some substances, not necessarily salt hydrates, the reverse of efflorescence occurs. For example, if anhydrous calcium chloride is left in the air, it absorbs water vapour and eventually forms a very concentrated solution. This process is called deliquescence, and substances which behave like this are said to be deliquescent. Solid sodium hydroxide will deliquesce. 

Dibutyl TeUurium (Hydrazine Method)1 To a stirred mixture of 0.40 g (10 mmol) powdered sodium hydroxide, 0.64 g (5.0 mmol) of finely ground tellurium powder, and 10 m/ dimethylformamide are added, dropwise by syringe under an atmosphere of nitrogen at 50- 60° 0.50 ml (7.1 mmol) 80% hydrazine hydrate. The mixture is stirred for 3 h. A solution of 1.4 g (10 mmol) bromobutane in 2 ml dimethylformamide is added and the mixture heated at 60° for 30 min, then cooled to 20°, and extracted with petroleum ether (30 -60°). The organic phase is separated, washed with water, and dried with anhydrous calcium chloride. The mixture is filtered and the solvent evaporated from the filtrate. The residue is purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, Merck 60 GF 254/hexane) yield 57% b.p. 111-114713 torr. 

After filtration, addition of sodium sulphide to the clear solution effects the precipitation of the three metals, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, as sulphides. Digestion with the calculated quantity of ferric chloride oxidises the manganese sulphide to sulphate, which passes into solution. The residue consists of cobalt and nickel sulphides, which are washed and converted into their soluble sulphates by roasting. The sulphates are extracted with water, and converted into chlorides by addition of calcium chloride solution. Their separation is effected g.s follows The requisite fraction of the chloride solution is precipitated with milk of lime, and the insoluble hydroxides of nickel and cobalt thus obtained are oxidised to the black hydroxides by treatment with chlorine. The. washed precipitate is then introduced into the remainder of the chloride solution, and the whole is well stirred and heated, when the black hydrated oxide of nickel passes, into solution, displacing tlm Remainder of. the cobalt from the solution, into. the precipitate.. The final product is thus a suspension of hydrated peroxide.of cobalt,in p. solution of nickel chloride, from which idle cobalt precipitate is removed by filtration, washed, and ignited, to the black oxide. 

By heating methane with excess oxygen, air, or ozonized air at red heat (600° to 1000° C.) under pressure in the presence of porous non-metallic surfaces as pumice, brick, slag, asbestos, etc., it has been claimed that methanol and formaldehyde may be produced. The products are condensed at atmospheric pressure by a counter current of cold air or gas. The catalyst might also contain substances such as oxides and hydroxides of alkalies or alkaline earths, magnesium or calcium chlorides or copper sulfate which are hydrated at ordinary temperatures but lose water at high temperatures. 

Bleaching powder, also known as chloride of lime, is produced by reacting hydrated lime with chlorine. It consists of a mixture of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2 — the active ingredient), calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide and water. Some processes convert 40 % of the calcium hydroxide, giving about 25 % of available chlorine . Others continue chlorination to completion, which corresponds to 60% conversion and about 36% of available chlorine [31.3]. The reaction (31.1) is surprisingly complex. It is exothermic and drives off excess water. The product is dried under vacuum at temperatures below 85 °C. 

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