Calcium chloride estimation

Calcium Chloride [25]. Calcium chloride estimation is based on calcium titration. To 20 ml of 1 1 mixture of toluene (xylene) isopropyl alcohol, add a 1-ml (or 0.1-ml, if calcium is high) sample of oil-base mud, while stirring. Dilute the mixture with 75 to 100 ml of distilled water. Add 2 ml of hardness buffer solution and 10 to 15 drops of hardness indicator solution. Titrate mixture with standard versenate solution until the color changes from wine-red to blue. If common standard versenate solution (1 ml = 20 g calcium ions) is used, then... 

Viscosity is an important property of calcium chloride solutions in terms of engineering design and in appHcation of such solutions to flow through porous media. Data and equations for estimating viscosities of calcium chloride solutions over the temperature range of 20—50°C are available (4). For example, at 25°C and in the concentration range from 0.27 to 5.1 molal (2.87—36.1 wt %) CaCl2, the viscosity increases from 0.96 to 5.10 mPa-s (=cP). 

Estimated imports of calcium chloride increased more than tenfold between 1984 and 1988, from 10,000 to 139,700 metric tons on a 100 wt % basis (10). Import figures (12) do not distinguish between solution or dry calcium chloride or the purity of dry products. Thus estimates of imported quantities involve an assessment of the mix of products imported and ultimate conversion to 100% basis. Imports in 1989 totaled 119,000 metric tons, 75% of which were from Canada (12). Canada is the principal trading partner with the United States for calcium chloride because of use as a deicing chemical and the... 

Although X-ray and neutron diffraction and scattering methods give only approximate estimates of hydration numbers they can provide precise measures of ion-water distances in solution. In calcium chloride and bromide solutions of various concentrations, Ca-0 distances of between 2.40 and 2.44 A have been reported (167,168,171,172) Ca-0 — 2.26A was claimed in an early X-ray investigation of molar calcium nitrate solution (167,186). EXAFS and LAXS studies showed a broad and asymmetric distribution of Ca-0 distances centered on a mean value of 2.46 A (174). 

Viscosity is an important properly of calcium chloride solutions in terms of engineering design and in application of such solutions to flow-through porous media. Data and equations for estimated viscosities of calcium chloride solutions over the temperature range of 20-50°C are available. 

Chlorine (Note 1) is passed into 300 ml. of anhydrous carbon tetrachloride (Note 2) contained in a 500-ml. three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a dropping funnel protected from atmospheric moisture by a calcium chloride tube, and a gas-inlet tube equipped with a sintered-glass tip (Note 3). The amount of chlorine contained in the resulting yellow-green liquid, estimated volumetrically (Note 4), varies between 25 and 32 g. The gas-inlet tube is replaced by a calcium chloride tube, and the reaction vessel is cooled externally with ice water and protected from light by being covered with a towel. 

Whitten, M.G. and Ritchie, G.S.R (1991) Calcium chloride-extractable cadmium as an estimate of cadmium uptake by subterranean clover. Austral. J. Soil Res., 29, 215-221. 

Nitrc Iycerine should form a clear, or very slightly turbid, pale yellow liquid. The moisture is estimated by allowing to stand over calcium chloride (not sulphuric acid) in the cold. Nitroglycerine should be practically free from acidity and alkalinity to test for these, 20 g. is shaken with 0 c.c. of water and the water tested with litmus and if necessary titrated, using methyl orange as indicator. 

For the estimation of diph4nytamim the powder may be saponified as above, and then distilled until all the diphen amtne has passed over. The distillate is extracted with ether, which is separated, dried with calcium chloride and evaporated. The diphenylamine may also be estimated by conversion to tetrabromo diphcnylamine. For this purpose the ethereal solution is evaporated with atcohalcoholic solution with stirring. The tetrabromo-diphenylamine separates out, and the supernatant liquor should be dear and should smell distinctly of bromine. Water is added and the whole is boiled to remove alcohol and bromine. The bromine compound is filtered oiF, washed with warm water and dried in a steam oven. The bromination may also be ejected by potassium bromate and bromide in acid solution. 

The long-term release of calcium, chloride, sulfate and heavy metals from bottom ash and slag has been estimated by the Swiss EKESA-Project (Anonymous 1992) and Ker-sten et al. (1995) (Table 9.12) ... 

Procedure. The method of acid extraction and demethylation of pectin from apple pomace at 60 C. was essentially that previously described (17), up to the point of clarification of the pectin extract. Prior to clarification, the temperature of the extract was raised to about 50 C. in order to aid dispersion of the pectinates. Following the clarification and removal of starch, the pectin was precipitated as calcium pectinate by adding 20% calcium chloride solution to the extract at room temperature. The quantity of calcium chloride was such that any excess of the salt did not give a further precipitate after the precipitated material had stood from 1 hour to overnight as a practical handling procedure. After the calcium pectinate had been filtered off through muslin by hand, the relative completeness of precipitation was estimated by determining the relative viscosity (Ostwald at 26 C.) of the liquid pressed out. A relative viscosity of 1.2 or less indicated practically complete precipitation. 

A) Titration with calcium chloride. As was indicated above, these phosphates are widely used in laundry operation and in soap powders, to prevent the calcium and magnesium ions of hard water from giving a precipitate with the soap. The value of a particular phosphate for this purpose depends not only on the amount of calcium or magnesium the phosphate can take up to form a complex ion but also on the stability of this complex. In the procedure to be described, the amount of calcium salt needed to destroy a lather of soap and water containing phosphate is measured. This procedure gives an estimate of the calciumbinding power of the phosphate for this particular application. 

Surface Chloride Concentration The main source of chloride ions arises from salt added during road and bridge deicing. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCy have been traditionally used as deicing salts. In the United States, 282 kg of salt are used per lane-mile. Normally the number of apphcations varies from less than 8 to more than 16 per year depending on climate conditions. Annual salt estimates for various states are given in Table 12.1. Rebar surface can be exposed to the following... 

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