Chloride, estimation

Economic Aspects. The North American demand for anhydrous aluminum chloride, estimated to be from 25,000 to 30,000 metric tons per year (9), is divided among the appHcations shown in Figure 2. In 1984 the anhydrous aluminum chloride demand was estimated at 40,000 tons in Western Europe and 9,000 tons in Japan (10). Pricing is heavily dependent on the cost of aluminum metal. The deHvered price of aluminum chloride during the first quarter of 1989 ranged from 0.32/kg for bulk tmddoads to 0.35/kg for small dmms. The North American demand for this catalyst has remained relatively constant over the last 20 years (10). 

T artrazine, 4,5-dihydro-5 -oxo-1 -(4-sulfophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-1// -pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid trisodium salt was discovered by Ziegler in 1884 and is used as a dye for wool and silk. It is used as a colour additive in foods, drugs and cosmetics, and is an adsorption-elution indicator for chloride estimations in biochemistry (B-76MI40404). 

Calcium Chloride [25]. Calcium chloride estimation is based on calcium titration. To 20 ml of 1 1 mixture of toluene (xylene) isopropyl alcohol, add a 1-ml (or 0.1-ml, if calcium is high) sample of oil-base mud, while stirring. Dilute the mixture with 75 to 100 ml of distilled water. Add 2 ml of hardness buffer solution and 10 to 15 drops of hardness indicator solution. Titrate mixture with standard versenate solution until the color changes from wine-red to blue. If common standard versenate solution (1 ml = 20 g calcium ions) is used, then... 

A third method for chloride estimation which is commonly employed is the silver-silver chloride electrode. In this method the solution is usually diluted in a buffer, and the voltage generated measured. The problem with this procedure is that the electrode needs to be carefully maintained or problems occur. With larger volumes the chloride electrode has been very successful. 

Stainton [31] has described an automated method for the determination of sulphate and chloride in non saline waters. An ion exchange resin is used to convert the sulphates and chlorides to their free acids. Detection is achieved by electrical conductance. The use of silver-saturated cation exchange resin to precipitate chloride permits distinction between chloride and sulphate. High levels of nitrate, orthophosphate and fluoride give positive interference for sulphate bromide and iodide similarly interfere with chloride estimates. 

Table 2.2 Time-of-wetness, pollution, chloride, estimated corrosion rates...

A column of Sephadex of small pore size gives a retention volume of 46.7 ml for a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide, 63.2 ml for sucrose, and 75.7 ml for sodium chloride. Estimate the partition ratios for these three materials. State any assumptions made. 

Figure 12(e) shows the much more complex phase behavior observed when water is mixed with low volatility salts, in this case the sodium chloride-water system at 250 Ivir. " Due to the high critical temperature of sodium chloride, estimated at 3900K and 260 bar, this system is subcritical at SCWO reactor conditions. Figure 12(e) shows an operating line for 10 wt% NaCl at 250 bar. As this brine is heated from ambient temperature, a split into vapor and liquid phases occurs in the vicinity of 400°C, As temperature increases to 450 C. NaCl... 

Table 12. Characteristics of the UVmethod for chloride estimation (without dilution)...

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