Calcium carbonate rosin

Paper stock (or furnish) may consist of a mixture of cellulose, filler (for example clay, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate), rosin, alum and water brought together in predetermined proportions. The percent of fiber and other furnish materials suspended in the total volume and weight of water is commonly known as consistency . Control of furnish consistency in the stock preparation and papermaking area is a prime prerequisite of paper making. The Fourdrinier paper machine was developed for the specific purpose of converting this paper furnish into a finished reel of paper on a continuous basis. 

The trend towards increased calcium carbonate usage and therefore neutral pH paper making has meant that there has been a steady decline in the use of rosin and alum and a concomitant increase in the use of sizes which are effective at higher pH. Commercially the most important in this group are the alkenyl succinic anhydrides (ASA) and the alkyl ketene dimers (AKD). These are able to esterify fibre surfaces directly and are more effective at neutral to high pH. 

Calcium carbonate cannot be used in the same low pH papermaking process that contains alum and rosin size. The presence of carbonate in an acid papermaking process causes severe problems such as foam, excess alum demand, inefficient sizing conditions with rosin size, and troublesome deposits. The alkaline system, therefore, enables the paper-maker to use calcium carbonate as a primary filler as well as to use more recycled paper. 

D C and external D C lakes These lakes are usually manufactured by precipitating a soluble dye onto an approved substrate. In the case of D C colors, the substrate may be alumina, blanc fixe, gloss white, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, talc, rosin, aluminum benzoate, calcium carbonate, or any combination of these materials. 

For example, it is no use using large amounts of expensive sizing agent for a low-cost product, such as newsprint, unless it is possible to obtain a premium price for the product. Other examples are using rosin size in highly filled paper with calcium carbonate, when the use of AKD/ASA is far more efficient due to the system pH. 

Super Corona Lanolin. See Lanolin Super Ester A-18, Super Ester A-75, Super Ester A-100, Super Ester A-115, Super Ester A-125, Super Ester lV-075 Super Ester W-lOQr, Super Ester W-115, Super Ester W-125. See Rosin Super-Fil . See Calcium carbonate Superfine KCI. See Potassium chloride Superfine Lanoiin. See Lanolin Super Fiake . See Calcium chloride Superfio Grinding. See Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil... 

In solvent-borne rubber adhesives, a variety of solvents can be chosen to control drying rate, adjust viscosity and dissolve important ingredients. Resins can be added to improve tack, wetting properties, heat resistance, bond strength and oxidation resistance. The most common resins nsed in rubber-based adhesives are rosins, rosin esters, and terpene, coumarone-indene, hydrocarbon and phenobc resins. Plasticizers and softeners reduce hardness, enhance tack and decrease cost of rubber adhesive formulations. Paraffinic oils, phthalate esters and polybutenes are typical plasticizers. Fillers are not often added to rubber adhesive formulations because they reduce adhesion. However they are sometimes used because they decrease cost and increase solution viscosity. Carbon black and titanium dioxide are also used to provide colour to the adhesives. Clays, calcium carbonate and silicates are also common fillers in rubber adhesive formulations. For water-borne adhesives, typically protective colloid, preservative, defoamers, wetting agents and emulsifiers are included in the formulations. 

Adds derived from rosin are sometimes used. These are mostly a mixture of abietic and pimaric adds, which are three-ring, cyclic, aliphatic compounds carrying an acid group and some unsaturation in the rings themselves or pendant to them. They have been found by the author to give better results than stearic acid when used to treat precipitated calcium carbonates for use in EPDM compounds and there has reputedly been some commerdalization of this application in Japan. The author has, however, not found any benefits from their use with fillers in polypropylene. 

Another interesting material, which is used commercially to some extent is rosin. This contains unsaturated structures and is claimed to give better performance than stearic acid in some elastomers. This is demonstrated by the data for precipitated calcium carbonate given in Table 4.4. 

Table 4.4 A comparison of a rosin and a fatty add coated precipitated calcium carbonate in a sulfur cured styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) elastomer (100 phr filler) ...

Aluminum sulfate and similar acidic compounds mixed with materials such as clay and rosin are added to paper to improve its printing characteristics. However, the acids decompose the cellulose fibers in paper, causing the paper to deteriorate over time.The Library of Congress estimates that 25% of its collection is brittle from such deteriorating paper.Calcium carbonate,a basic substance,has been suggested as an alternative in preparing paper. 

The main classes of chemicals and their consumption as a proportion of the total worldwide usage of 350000 tons dry p. a. is shown in Fig. 3.10. Because of the trend to neutral or slight alkaline papermaking and the increasing use of calcium carbonate as a filler and coating pigment, the proportion and also the absolute volume of rosin will decline further and the synthetic products will steadily grow. 

Black Liquor Soap Acidulation. Only two-thirds of a typical black Hquor soap consists of the sodium salts of fatty acids and resin acids (rosin). These acids are layered in a Hquid crystal fashion. In between these layers is black Hquor at the concentration of the soap skimmer, with various impurities, such as sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, sodium Hgnate, and calcium salts. This makes up the remaining one-third of the soap. Cmde tall oil is generated by acidifying the black Hquor soap with 30% sulfuric acid to a pH of 3. This is usually done in a vessel at 95°C with 20—30 minutes of vigorous agitation. Caution should be taken to scmb the hydrogen sulfide from the exhaust gas. 

After boiling, the goods are washed with water, and then treated with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (1 -5 to 2 per cent). This liberates the fatty acids from the lime soaps and pectic acid from the pectates, with the formation of calcium chloride. The goods are then rinsed to remove the calcium chloride and returned to the kier where they are boiled again with sodium carbonate and rosin or a high-titre soap. The free fatty and pectic acids are now converted into their soluble sodium salts which can be washed away with water. 

Plasdone C-15] Plasdone C-30, Plasdone K-25, Plasdone K-29/32, Plasdone K-90 Plasdone K-90D] Plasdone K-90M. See PVP Plasdone S-630. See PVP/VA copolymer Plasgrey . See Carbon black Plasmine KN-500. See Styrene/acrylic copolymer ammonium salt Plasmine N-750-P, Plasmine PLH-50] Plasmine PLH-55. See Rosin P/asfech . See Polypropylene Plaster of Paris. See Calcium sulfate hemihydrate Calcium sulfate Plasthall 8-10 TM-E. See n-Octyl, n-decyl trimellitate... 

---