Controlled drying

Inks. The main components of the inks ate typically water, colorants, and humectants. Additives ate used to control drying time, waterfastness, lightfastness, and consistency of drop formation. Water is an excellent vehicle for ink jet because of its high surface tension and safety in all environments. 

SYNCHRON CX3 Kodak EKTACHEM 300 max 600 26 10, II 37 R Beckman Hquid cahbrators and controls dry chemistry sHdes,... 

In the production of ceramic ware the shape of the ware must be retained after drying and the ware must be free from cracks and other defects. Controlled drying helps to minimize defects. In general, clays containing moderate amounts of nonclay minerals are easier to dry than those composed whoUy of clay minerals. Furthermore, clays composed of iUite, chlorite, and kaolinite are relatively easier to dry than those composed of montmorillonite. 

A typical lubrication oil system is shown in Figure 15-1. Oil is stored in a reservoir to feed the pumps and is then cooled, filtered, distributed to the end users, and returned to the reservoir. The reservoir can be heated for startup purposes and is provided with local temperature indication, a high-tempera-ture alarm and high/low level alarm in the control room, a sight glass, and a controlled dry nitrogen purge blanket to minimize moisture intake. 

Electric ovens. The most convenient type is an electrically heated, thermostatically controlled drying oven having a temperature range from room temperature to about 250-300 °C the temperature can be controlled to within 1 -2 °C. They are used principally for drying precipitates or solids at comparatively low controlled temperatures, and have virtually superseded the steam oven. 

In preparing the membrane, a clear sol was obtained by the addition of acid into the aluminum sec-butoxide sol to peptise the sol and obtain a stable colloid solution. Aluminum monohydroxides formed by the hydrolysis of aluminum alkoxides, which are peptisable to a clear sol. Peptisation was performed by the addition of acid and heat treatment for a sufficient time. It was found that stable sols cannot be obtained when the concentration of the peptisation acid is too low. The critical range for inorganic acids such as nitric, hydrochloric and perchloric acids is 0.03-0.1 mole/mole of hydroxide. In this study, nitric acid was used as the peptising agent. The resulting sols are poured into Petri dishes and dried in an oven at a controlled drying rate to obtain a gel layer. The molar ratio of zirconia salt... 

Prosek, M., Golc-Wondra, A., Vovk, I., and Zmitek, J., Controlled drying in quantitative TLC, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Planar Separations, Siofok, 77-92, 2005. 

Within about 500 km of coastal areas, the chloride content of precipitation is strongly related to the proximity of the shoreline. The ocean-derived chloride in the precipitation may commonly vary from 10 to 20 mg/L at the coast to less than 1 mg/L at a distance of 200 km from the coast. Precise amounts are related closely to climatological factors such as prevailing winds and total precipitation. Local vegetation cover and topographic effects may also be important, particularly in controlling dry fallout of sea-spray particles within a few kilimeters of the coast. 

Kato, A., Sasaki, Y., Furuta, R., Kobayashi, K. (1990). Functional protein/polysaccharide conjugate prepared by controlled dry heating of ovalbumin/dextran mixtures. Agricultural cmdBiological Chemistry, 54, 107-112. 

SLI batteries are also supplied in a dry charged state and are activated simply by filling with electrolyte. Plates for such batteries have extra additives, such as antioxidants in the negative active mass, and forming is followed by one of a number of controlled drying processes. 

Neubauer, C.M. (1997) On the Chemistry, Micro structure, and Deformation Properties of Cement Pastes Towards a New Strategy for Controlling Drying Shrinkage. PhD. Thesis, Northwestern University. 

This is quite a common condition affecting some 7% of 7 year olds who continue to wet the bed at least once a week. The cause of nocturnal enuresis is complex and beyond the scope of this volume. It is evident, however, that various treatments are available including retention control, dry-bed training, enuretic night alarms and waking the child to urinate... 

Figure 7. Potassium iodide represses humid oven oxidation in microsphere bulked paper. O, Kl-humid , control-humid X, Kl-dry A, control-dry.

Function pH control drying agent color-retention agent anticaking agent carrier. 

Explosives. The munitions industry employs air conditioning to control uniformity in the manufacture and loading of various explosive mixtures, to control drying and moisture content, to minimize static discharges, to reduce the hazards of fire and explosion, to remove and neutralize toxic fumes, to remove and recover dust or solvents from manufacturing or loading processes, and to provide proper atmospheric conditions for the storage of raw materials or finished product (see Explosives). 

Various temperature-sensitive materials may be processed in this type dryer because of short material retention times and proper temperature control. Typical drying times are on the order of a few seconds. Flash dryers are most useful for moist, powdery, granular, and crystallized materials, including feeds that are wet and that are discharged from filtration equipment (Christiansen and Sardo, 2001). Because of the rapid drying process, they are often used to remove surface water, but they are not suitable for diffusion-controlled drying. Particle size of the product material is small, usually less than 500 microns, and the most suitable feed is that which can be fried, rather than a sticky material. 

Fig. 9 Tray drying of Softgels in controlled drying tunnels.

Typically, the drying process can be divided into primary and secondary phases. During the primary phase, the drug solution is filled into vials and then placed within a temperature-controlled drying chamber. There, the solution is frozen according to physiochemical principles as the shelf temperature is lowered to below freezing. The shelf temperature is... 

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