Soft-tissue calcification

Other Calcium Disorders. In addition to hypocalcemia, tremors, osteoporosis, and muscle spasms (tetary), calcium deficiency can lead to rickets, osteomalacia, and possibly heart disease. These, as well as Paget s disease, can also result from faulty utilization of calcium. Calcium excess can lead to excess secretion of calcitonin, possible calcification of soft tissues, and kidney stones when combined with magnesium deficiency. 

Soft and hard acids and bases principle, 2, 1040 Soft-tissue calcification, 6,597 Sogrenite structure, 6, 849 Soils... 

The increased serum phosphorus binds to calcium in the serum, which leads to deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals throughout the body. The calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) product reflects serum solubility. A Ca-P product greater than 75 mg2/dL2 promotes crystal deposition in the joints and eye, leading to arthritis and conjunctivitis, respectively. Soft tissue deposition primarily affects the coronary arteries of the heart, lungs, and vascular tissue and is associated with a Ca-P product greater than 55 mg2/dL2.36 The Ca-P product has been associated with increased mortality37 and is a risk factor for calcification of vascular and soft tissues.35... 

High phosphate diets cause decreased Ca absorption, secondary hyperparathyroidism, accelerated bone resorption and soft tissue calcification in some animals, but not in normal humans. Although phosphates may decrease Ca absorption in man at very high (> 2000 mg/day) Ca intakes, they do not do so at more moderate Ca levels and enhance Ca absorption at very low levels (< 500 mg/day). Phosphates increase renal tubular reabsorption and net retention of Ca. At low Ca intakes, phosphates stimulate parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion without causing net bone resorption. 

Calcium Metabolism, Bone Mineral Loss, and Soft Tissue Calcification in Rodents... 

Patients with advanced renal insufficiency (Ccr less than 30 mL/min) exhibit phosphate retention and some degree of hyperphosphatemia. The retention of phosphate plays a role in causing secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with osteodystrophy and soft-tissue calcification. Calcium acetate, when taken with meals, combines with dietary phosphate to form insoluble calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the feces. 

Lactation It is not known whether these drugs are excreted in breast milk. Because zoledronic acid binds to bone long-term, do not administer to a nursing woman. Children Safety and efficacy for use in children have not been established. Children have been treated with etidronate at doses recommended for adults, to prevent heterotopic ossifications or soft tissue calcifications. 

Hypercalcaemia and soft-tissue calcification have been found in animals grazing on plants such as Cestrum diumum and Solanum malacoxylon, and attributed to the presence of a l,25-(OH)2D3-glycoside.453 The calcinogenic plant Trisetum flavescens causes severe calcification on ingestion, but the vitamin D3 species responsible has not been identified 454... 

Oncospheres of many cestode species penetrate and develop into metacestodes within cysts (cysticerci, hydatid, multilocular) in the soft tissues of their rodent, ruminant or human hosts. Thus, species such as Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis, Eaenia multiceps, T. ovis, E. saginata and E solium are of economic and medical importance. Such soft tissue invasion elicits a host immune response to resist the helminths. However, although some cysts may be destroyed as evidenced by involution or calcification, the host response is often too little - too late to eliminate the invaders. The susceptibility of the host to invasion is often due to successful evasive strategies... 

Drug Acetic acid Principal Indication(s) Calcific tendinitis Treatment Rationale Acetate is believed to increase solubility of calcium deposits in tendons and other soft tissues Iontophoresis 2°/o-5°/o aqueous solution from negative pole Phonophoresis... 

Hypercalcemia (osteosclerosis or bone loss, and soft tissue calcification)... 

A detailed account of the biochemistry of the bisphosphonates has recently appeared elsewhere170). Briefly, the bis-phosphonates inhibit soft tissue calcification. Bis-phospho-nates, such as HEBP inhibit the mineralization of cartilage, bone and dentine. Prolonged administration of HEBP to man at oral doses of 10 mg-1 kg-1 for more than one month affects the mineralization of hard tissues. Slight changes in the substituents on the gemi-... 

Grases, E, Perello, J., Prieto, R.M., Simonet, B.M., and Torres, J.J., 2004, Dietary myo-inositol hexaphosphate prevents dystrophic calcifications in soft tissues A pilot study in Wistar rats. 

Bones joint pains, thickening of the long bones, hypercalcemia, and calcification of soft tissues, but with reduced bone mineral density. High intakes of vitamin A are associated with an increased rate of loss of bone mineral density with age, and some studies have shown that intakes above 1,500 /xg per day are associated with increased incidence of osteoporosis and hip fracture, although other studies have not shown any relationship between vitamin A intake and osteoporosis (Institute of Medicine, 2001). At high levels of intake, vitamin A both stimulates bone... 

Intoxication with vitamin D causes weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, headache, abdominal pains, cramps, and diarrhea. More seriously, it also causes hypercalcemia, with plasma concentrations of calcium between 2.75 to 4.5 mmol per L, compared with the normal range of 2.2 to 2.5 mmol per L. At plasma concentrations of calcium above 3.75 mmol per L, vascular smooth muscle may contract abnormally, leading to hypertension and hypertensive encephalopathy. Hypercalciuria may also result in the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the renal tubules and hence the development of urinary calculi. Hypercalcemia can also result in calcinosis - the calcification of soft tissues, including kidneys, heart, lungs, and blood vessels. This is assumed to be the result of increased calcium uptake into tissues in response to excessive plasma concentrations of the vitamin and its metabolites. 

Ingestion > inhalation. At low levels mottling of tooth enamel. At high levels fluorosis—includes wide variety of health problems such as hyperparathyroidism, calcification of soft tissues, interference with collagen formation, severe skeletal deformity. 

Hypoparathyroidism can result from decreased production of PTH or failure of target organs to respond to PTH. In rare cases, it involves the production of genetically defective PTH. PTH provokes the kidney to conserve calcium and to excrete phosphate. Thus, hypoparathyroidism results in low plasma calcium and high plasma phosphate levels. The disease may result in the calcification of soft tissues because of the high plasma phosphate level. Elevated phosphate levels result in an increased rate of precipitation of calcium and phosphate as the calcium phosphate salt. The disease is treated with oral calcium supplements and phosphate-binding antacids to minimize the absorption of dietary phosphate. 

Hypercalcemia can result from an excessive intake of vitamin D. Prolonged immobilization can also result in hypercalcemia, as bone resorption increases with this immobilization, especially where there is concurrent renal failure (where the kidneys cannot excrete the excess calcium). Sudden, severe hypercalcemia results in vomiting, coma, and possibly death. Prolonged hypercalcemia can result in the formation of kidney stones and in the calcification of soft tissues, such as the eye. Stone formation and caiciheahon are more likely to occur with concurrent hyperphosphatemia. 

Britton, W, M and Stokstad, E. L. R. (1970). Aorta and other soft tissue calcification in the magnesium-deficient rat- /. Nuir. 100,1501-1506. 

A 40-year-old woman had multiple bone injuries, severe sepsis, and coma after a car accident a retroperitoneal hematoma caused by lumbar fractures was drained, but she continued to be pyrexial (23). She had prominent accumulation of Ga, which had been used for bone scanning, in her multiple recent fractures and an area of accumulation in the soft tissue related to a fractured vertebra. Post-traumatic paravertebral calcifications had accumulated Ga and simulated the presence of an infected hematoma. 

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