Caffeine pharmacology

Kruger, A., Chronic psychiatric patients use of caffeine pharmacological effects and mechanisms. Psychol Rep 78(3), 915-923, 1996. 

Donovan JL, DeVane CL. A primer on caffeine pharmacology and its drug interactions in clinical psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull 2001 35(3) 30-48. 

Griffiths RR, Juliano LM, Chausmer AL. Caffeine pharmacology and clinical effects. In Graham AW, Schultz TK, Mayo-Smith MF, et al, eds. Principles of Addiction Medicine, 3rd ed., pp. 193—224. Chevy Chase, MD, American Society of Addiction, 2003. Available at http //www.caffeinedependence.org/caffeine dependence.html. 

The xanthine family give rise to a number of natural products such as caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine). Caffeine pharmacology involves adenosine receptor antagonism but details remain elusive. The xanthine backbone forms the basis of a large number of derivatives acting as adenosine receptor antagonists. 

C7HgN402. Occurs to a small extent in tea, but is chiefly prepared synthetically. Like caffeine, it is a very weak base which forms water-soluble compounds with alkalis. It has a similar pharmacological mechanism to that of caffeine and is used, in combination with ethy-lenediamine. as a diuretic and a bron-chodilator. 

Caffeine is also effective in the antagonism of peripheral adenosine (type I) receptors, which are known to inhibit lipolysis by subduing adenylate cyclase activity.28 The appeal of this mechanism of action is that the majority of the pharmacological effects of adenosine on the central nervous system can be inhibited by doses of caffeine that are well within physiologically non-toxic levels comparable to only a couple of cups of coffee.5... 

Zhang, Y. and Wells, J., The effects of chronic caffeine administration on peripheral adenosine receptors, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 254, 757, 1990. 

Benowitz, N. L., Clinical pharmacology of caffeine. Annual Review of Medicine 41, 277-288, 1990. 

Hasenfratz, M., Bunge, A., Dal-Pra, G., Battig, K., Antagonistic effects of caffeine and alcohol on mental performance parameters. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 46(2), 463-465, 1993. 

Foreman, N., Barraclough, S., Morre, C., Mehta, A., and Madon, M., High doses of caffeine impair performance of a numerical version of the Stroop task in men. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 32, 399-403, 1989. 

Hasenfratz, M., and Battig, K., Action profiles of smoking and caffeine Stroop effect, EEG, and peripheral physiology. Pharmacology, -Biochemistry-and-Behavior 42(1), 155-161, 1992. 

Clubley, M., Bye, C. E., Henson, T. A., Peck, A. W. and Riddington, C. J., Effects of caffeine and cyclizine alone and in combination on human performance, subjective effects and EEG activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7 157-63, 1979. 

Richardson, N. J., Rogers, P. J., and Elliman, N. A., Effects of comprehensive relaxation training (CRT) on mood A preliminary report on relaxation training plus caffeine cessation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 52(2), 313-320,... 

Rush, C., Sullivan, J. and Griffiths, R., Intravenous caffeine in stimulant drug abusers Subjective reports and physiological effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 273(1), 351-358, 1995. 

Chait, L. D., and Griffiths, R. R., Effects of caffeine administration on human cigarette smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34, 612-622, 1982. 

Hildebrand, M. and Seifert, W., Determination of acetylator phenotype in Caucasians with caffeine. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 37, 525-526, 1981. 

Carrillo, J. and Benitez, J., Caffeine metabolism in a healthy Spanish population N-Acetylator phenotype and oxidation pathways. Clinical Pharmacological Therapeutics 55, 293-304, 1994. 

Carroll, M. E., Hagen, E. W., Asencio, M., Brauer, L. H., Behavioral dependence on caffeine and phencyclidine in rhesus monkeys Interactive effects. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 31(4), 927-932, 1988. 

Falk, J. L., Zhang, J., Chen, R., and Lau, C. E., A schedule induction probe technique for evaluating abuse potential Comparison of ethanol, nicotine and caffeine, and caffeine-midazolam interaction. Special Issue Behavioural pharmacology of alcohol. Behavioural Pharmacology 5(4-5), 513-520, 1994. 

Denaro, C. P., Brown, C. R., Jacob, P., Benowitz, N. L., Effects of caffeine with repeated dosing. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 40, 273-278, 1991. 

Hofer, I., and Battig, K., Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 48(4), 899-908, 1994. 

Mitchell, S. H., de-Wit, H., Zacny, J. P., Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and self-administration following caffeine deprivation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 51(4), 941-945, 1995. 

Bruce, M., Scott, N., Lader, M. and Marks, V., The psychopharmacological and electrophysiological effects of a single dose of caffeine in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22, 81-87, 1986. 

Lotshaw, S., Bradley, R. and Brooks, L., Illustrating caffeine s pharmacological and expectancy effects utilizing a balanced placebo design. J Drug Educ 26(1), 13-24, 1996. 

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