Cadmium behavioral effect

Cadmium also affects the toxicity of lead. A synergistic effect of these metals was found on prostatic cytology and testicular damage in male rats following intraperitoneal injection (Fahim and Khare 1980). Rats fed lead and cadmium or zinc had a marked reduction of reticulocytosis compared with rats fed lead alone (Thawley et al. 1977). Mice exposed simultaneously to lead and cadmium for 10 weeks had higher mortality rates than mice exposed to either metal alone (Exon et al. 1979). In addition, interactions between cadmium and lead have been reported at the behavioral effects level (Nation et al. 1990). 

Vlaene MK, Masschelein R, Leenders J, De GroofM, Swerts LJVC, Roels HA. Neuro behavioral effects of occupational exposure to cadmium a cross sectional epidemiological study. Occup Environ Med 2000 57 19-27. 

In their electrochemical surface properties, a number of metals (lead, tin, cadmium, and others) resemble mercury, whereas other metals of the platinum group resemble platinum itself. Within each of these groups, trends in the behavior observed coincide qualitatively, sometimes even semiquantitatively. Some of the differences between mercury and other. y- or p-metals are due to their solid state. Among the platinum group metals, palladium is exceptional, since strong bulk absorption of hydrogen is observed here in addition to surface adsorption, an effect that makes it difficult to study the surface itself. 

Benjamin, M.M. Leckie, J.O. (1981) Multiple-site adsorption of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 79 209-221 Benjamin, M.M. Leckie, J.O. (1981a) Competitive adsorption of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb on amorphous iron oxyhydroxide. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 83 410-419 Benjamin, M.M. Leckie, J.O. (1982) Effects of complexation by Cl, SO4, and S2O3 on the adsorption behavior of cadmium on oxide surfaces. Environ. Sci. Tech. 16 162-170 Benjamin, M.M. (1978) Effects of competing metals and complexing ligands on trace metal adsorption. Ph.D. Thesis Benjamin, M.M. Hayes, K.E. Leckie, K.O. 

Solid-state cadmium sensors based on chalcogenide thin film layer were prepared [388]. The electrochemical behavior of the sensor in terms of ionic sensitivity, detection Emit, Nernstian response interval and effect of pH was evaluated. 

The study of surface behavior is not of recent origin. In the 1920s, Joffe (1928) observed an increase in the ductility in the presence of water on solid potassium chloride. In 1930s, Roscoe (1926) published that the presence of oxides on certain metals, such as cadmium, produced a surface hardening effect. 

Surface modification can also promote different photoluminescence responses to chemical species present in the environment. Li et al.48 synthesized water-soluble luminescent thiol-capped CdTe QDs and nanorods and investigated the effect of divalent metal ions on their photoluminescence behavior. They found that the trends of photoluminescence changes were almost similar for both, CdTe QDs and nanorods. Moreover, zinc ions enhanced the luminescence emission of the QDs while other metal ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, and cadmium) caused luminescence quenching. 

Huang, P, and Fuerstenau, D.W., The effect of the adsoiption of lead and cadmium ions on the interfacial behavior of quartz and talc. Colloids Surf. A, 177, 147, 2001,... 

D-penicillamine is so named because it was first isolated as an amine, from the degradation products of penicillin by Abraham et al [87]. Later studies showed the characteristic chemical behavior of D-penicillamine which involve three types of reactions, formation of disulphide links, formation of thiazolidine rings, and formation of metal complexes and chelates [67]. It was first used in 1956 in the treatment of Wilson s disease [88]. D-penicillamine has since been used in the treatment of many diseases, such as cystinuria [89], rheumatoid arthritis [90-92], systemic sclerosis [93], primary bdiary cirrhosis [94], heavy metal poisoning due to lead [95], cadmium [%], and mercury [97], and hyperviscosity syndrome [99]. In rheumatoid arthritis, D-peni-cdlamine has been widely accepted as an effective second line treatment. Despite of its effectiveness, it causes many adverse effects, such as skin rashes [99,100], taste abnormalities [100,101], hepatic dysfunction [102-104], gastrointestinal toxiciiy [99,105], proteinuria [100,106], hematuria [107, 108], thrombocytopenia [92, 109], aplastic anemia [110], lupus-like syndrome [111, 112], Goodpasture s-tike pulmonary renal syndrome [113-115], vasculitis [116,117], myasthenia gravis [118-122], polymyositis [123, 124], and dermatomyositis [125]. 

Even when considered on a long term basis, there is considerable doubt that the presence of land filled battery metals such as lead, zinc, and cadmium would have the catastrophic environmental effects which some have predicted. Studies on 2000-year old Roman artifacts in the United Kingdom (Thornton 1995) have shown that zinc, lead and cadmium diffuse only very short distances in soils, depending on soil type, soil pH and other site-specific factors, even after burial for periods up to 1900 years. Another study in Japan (Oda 1990) examined nickel-cadmium batteries buried in Japanese soils to detect any diffusion of nickel or cadmium from the battery. None has been detected after almost 20 years exposure. Further, it is unclear given the chemical complexation behavior of the metallie ions of many battery metals exactly how they would behave even if metallic ions were released. Some studies have suggested, for example, that both lead and cadmium exhibit a marked tendency to complex in sediments and be unavailable for plant or animal uptake. In addition, plant and animal uptake of metals such as zinc, lead and cadmium has been found to depend very much on the presence of other elements such as iron and on dissolved organic matter (Cook and Morrow 1995). Until these behavior are better understood, it is unjustified to equate the mere presence of a hazardous material in a battery with the true risk associated with that battery. Unfortunately, this is exactly the method which has been too often adopted in comparison of battery systems, so that the true risks remain largely obscured. 

Gordon CJ and Stead AG (1986) Effect of nickel and cadmium chloride on autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in mice. Neurotoxicology 1 97-106. 

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