Ionic sensitivity

Due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties, non-ionic surfactants are applied in the fields of industry, processing technology and science, wherever their interfacial effects of detergency, (de)foaming, (de)emulsification, dispersion or solubilisation can enhance product or process performance. The characteristics of non-ionic surfactants that make them beneficial for detergents include their relatively low ionic sensitivity and their sorptive behaviour [17]. 

Solid-state cadmium sensors based on chalcogenide thin film layer were prepared [388]. The electrochemical behavior of the sensor in terms of ionic sensitivity, detection Emit, Nernstian response interval and effect of pH was evaluated. 

Enantiodifferentiating anti-Markovnikov polar photoadditions of alcohols to 1,1-diphenyl-l-alkenes 107 and 108 sensitized by optically active naphthalene(di)car-boxylates 41-43, 71, 72, and 91 were investigated in detail (Scheme 19) [70], Since this photoaddition involves the attack of alcohol to a radical cationic species of the substrate alkene [71], the use of polar solvents is desirable for obtaining the adduct in a high yield. However, in polar solvents, the radical ionic sensitizer-substrate pair produced upon photoexcitation is immediately dissociated by solvation, and no chirality transfer is expected to occur. Thus the optical and chemical yields are often conflicting issues, and therefore the critical control of solvent polarity is essential for obtaining the optically active product with an appreciable ee in reasonable chemical yield. In fact, the initial attempts on 107, employing naphthalenecarboxylate sensitizers with chiral terpenoid auxiliaries (a-c and f) and a pentane solvent afforded a best ee of 27% for adduct 110 (R = Me), but in < 2% yield [70a]. 

Gonsalves PP, Meireles SM, Neves P, et al. 1999. Ionic sensitivity of the Ca2+/H+ antiport in synaptic vesicles of sheep brain cortex. Mol Brain Res 67 283-291. 

A generalized thermodynamic scheme has been introduced to describe redox and ionic sensitivity of CP [4]. In this theory the polymer is treated as the sparingly soluble mixed salts, CP" "e CP" "X N" "X with reduced and oxidized forms of the CP denoted as red and ox, respectively. A half-cell reaction for the CP I electroactive element (membrane or bridge) is then written as ... 

Similar approach was used by Mangold et al. [3]. In order to reduce ionic sensitivity of the conducting polymer film, Ag/AgCl particles were introduced... 

The ionic hydrazides are extremely sensitive and explode on contact with ak or upon heating. The alkaline-earth hydrazides, which have the general formula M(N2H2), appear to be less sensitive (15). Hydrazides such as aluminum hydrazide [25546-96-7] Al(N2H2)3, have also been made (16). The hydrazide anion is more nucleophilic than hydrazine and undergoes reactions not possible using hydrazine itself (17). Thus, styrene in ethyl ether solution at 0°C is... 

Although the lUPAC has recommended the names tetrahydroborate, tetrahydroaluminate, etc, this nomenclature is not yet ia general use. Borohydrides. The alkaU metal borohydrides are the most important complex hydrides. They are ionic, white, crystalline, high melting soHds that are sensitive to moisture but not to oxygen. Group 13 (IIIA) and transition-metal borohydrides, on the other hand, are covalendy bonded and are either Hquids or sublimable soHds. The alkaline-earth borohydrides are iatermediate between these two extremes, and display some covalent character. 

CyclooctatetraenylCompounds. Sandwich-type complexes of cyclooctatetraene (COT), CgH g, are well known. The chemistry of thorium—COT complexes is similar to that of its Cp analogues in steric number and electronic configurations. Thorocene [12702-09-9], COT2Th, (16), the simplest of the COT derivatives, has been prepared by the interaction of ThCl [10026-08-1] and two equivalents of K CgHg. Thorocene derivatives with alkyl-, sdyl-, and aryl-substituted COT ligands have also been described. These compounds are thermally stable, air-sensitive, and appear to have substantial ionic character. 

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