Butyric acid feedstock

Production of maleic anhydride by oxidation of / -butane represents one of butane s largest markets. Butane and LPG are also used as feedstocks for ethylene production by thermal cracking. A relatively new use for butane of growing importance is isomerization to isobutane, followed by dehydrogenation to isobutylene for use in MTBE synthesis. Smaller chemical uses include production of acetic acid and by-products. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is the principal by-product, though small amounts of formic, propionic, and butyric acid are also produced. / -Butane is also used as a solvent in Hquid—Hquid extraction of heavy oils in a deasphalting process. 

Microorganisms have also been developed to produce alternative products, such as lactic acid [65], propane-1,3-diol [67], 3-hydroxypropionic acid [68], butane-2,3-diol [69] and numerous other intermediates. For instance, bacteria such as the Clostridium acetobutylicum ferment free sugars to C4 oxygenates such as butyric acid or butanol. They form the C4 oxygenates by Aldol condensation of the acetaldehyde intermediates. The Weizmann process exploits this property to ferment starch feedstock anaerobically at 37 °C to produce a mixture of w-butanol, acetone and ethanol in a volume ratio of 70 25 5 [3],... 

While this reaction is substantially exothermic (6), it provides an intriguing approach to the production of fuels from renewable resources, as the required acids (including acetic acid, butyric acid, and a variety of other simple aliphatic carboxylic acids) can be produced in abundant yields by the enzymatic fermentation of simple sugars which are, in turn, available from the microbiological hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass materials ( ] ) These considerations have led us to suggest the concept of a "tandem" photoelectrolysis system, in which a solar photoelectrolysis device for the production of fuels via the photo-Kolbe reaction might derive its acid-rich aqueous feedstock from a biomass conversion plant for the hydrolysis and fermentation of crop wastes or other cellulosic materials (4). 

Propylene is, next to ethylene, the most important basic chemical to produce not only polypropylene but also other intermediates for example propylene oxide and acrylonitrile. Just like ethylene, propylene can be produced via a hydrocarbon feedstock produced from a biomass [35-37]. Bio-glycerol produced as a byproduct of biodiesel can be dehydrogenated to produce propylene [48]. Bio-based ethylene can be dimerized to produce n-butene, which can then react with remaining ethylene via metathesis to produce propylene [49]. The use of fermentation products of biomass such as 1-butanol [50] enables the formation of n-butene, followed by a subsequent methathesis [49]. Alternatively, hydrothermal carboxylate reforming of fermentation products such as butyric acid or 3-hydroxybutyrate is also proposed as a viable option to propylene [51]. 

The fermentative production of butyric acid was first detected by Louis Pasteur from his landmark anaerobic cultivation in 1861 (Van Andel et al., 1985 Wu and Yang, 2003). The biochemical production of butyric acid using fermentation was popular in 1945 and onwards (Lee et al., 2008b). However, after 1960, this anaerobic fermentation lost its competitiveness due to high feedstock costs and fast-growing petrochemical industries. With increasing costs of liquid fossil fuels, rising environmental concerns, and the depletion of nonrenewable sources, interest has been reestablished in anaerobic fermentation. 

So far, the bioproduction of H2 is low, including from FW. The current yield of hydrogen is much less than its theoretical value of 12 mol H2/mol glucose (Kiran et al., 2014). Most of the energy content in the feedstock eventually formed as organic acids, including acetic, lactic, and butyric acids. H2 production should be combined with an ancillary process, such as methane, organic acids, or ethanol production processes, to improve its economic viability, as well as to achieve complete treatment and disposal of FW (Lin et al, 2013). 

In this paper we report the use of supported heteropoly acid (silicotungstic acid) and supported phosphoric acid catalysts for the acylation of industrially relevant aromatic feedstocks with acid anhydrides in the synthesis of aromatic ketones. In particular, we describe the acylation of thioanisole 1 with iso-butyric anhydride 2 to form 4-methyl thiobutyrophenone 3. The acylation of thioanisole with acetic anhydride has been reported in which a series of zeolites were used as catalysts. Zeolite H-beta was reported to have the highest activity of the zeolites studied (41 mol % conversion, 150°C) (2). 

Use Manufacture of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and dimethyl terephthalate chemical synthesis (methyl amines, methyl chloride, methyl methacrylate) antifreeze solvent for nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl butyral, shellac, rosin, manila resin, dyes denaturant for ethanol dehydrator for natural gas fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel) feedstock for manufacture of synthetic proteins by continuous fermentation source of hydrogen for fuel cells home-heating-oil extender. 

The composition of the copolymer is controlled through the ratio of feedstocks used glucose or sucrose (from sugar cane, sugar beets, or starch hydrolysates) can be used as substrates for butyrate propionic acid (eg, from the fermentation of wood pulp waste) can be used for valerate. 

Feedstock dependency is based on 2-ethylhexanol and sebacic acid. As previously shown, 2-ethylhexanol is derived as follows from propylene, acetaldehyde, or butyr-aldehyde see Figure 9.14. 

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