Butler

Gumey was a solid-state physicist connected in his earlier days with Neville Mott, the most recognized solid-state physicist of the twentieth century. J.A.V. Butler was a physical chemist, less recognized at the time of the publication I am about to describe, but nevertheless without doubt one of only four or five founders of physical electrochemistry.  

any reader of this chapter will realize that, to use a phrase, this strikes a bell. We are drawing close to the birth of theoretical electrocatalysis and Butler s 1936 paper can be seen as a birthing of the explanation that in fact has gone into most parts of electrochemistry and affected particularly those that have financial consequences in industrial processes for a lesser overpotential translates into a fall in price of the product on sale. But it is most interesting to find out that even then, in 1936, there was still no explicit recognition of the connection in the phenomenon of the metal-hydrogen bonding in electrochemistry to catalysis in chemistry. 

The slight mathematical operation, which placed the overpotential in the exponential position and the current density on the line, was not yet normal. It was introduced by Agar, also of Cambridge University, in 1938 [7]. One had to wait 23 years before the connection to the well-known phenomenon of catalysis in chemistry became so obvious that, at last, the right name, electrocatalysis, was used in fuel cell work by Gmbb of the General Electric Company in a 1959 publication [8]. 

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Equations such as V-96 are known as Butler-Volmer equations [150]. At equilibrium, there will be equal and opposite currents in both directions, =... 

J. A. V. Butler, Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces, Methuen, London, 1951. 

Butler D A, Hayden B E and Jones J D 1994 Precursor dynamics in dissociative hydrogen adsorption on W(100) Chem. Phys. Leff. 217 423... 

Butler D A and Hayden B E 1995 The indirect channel to hydrogen dissociation on W(100)c(2 2)Cu—evidence for a dynamical precursor Chem. Phys. Lett. 232 542... 

Butler E P and Hale K F 1981 Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy vol 9, ed A Glauert (New York North-Holland)... 

Vreugdenhil A J and Butler I S 1998 Investigation of MMT adsorption on soils by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy DRIFTS and headspace analysis gas-phase infrared spectroscopy HAGIS Appl. Organomet. Chem. 

Butler B D, Ayton C, Jepps C G and Evans D J 1998 Configurational temperature verification of Monte Carlo simulations J. Chem. Phys. fOS 6519-22... 

As tire reaction leading to tire complex involves electron transfer it is clear that tire activation energy AG" for complex fonnation can be lowered or raised by an applied potential (A). Of course, botlr tire forward (oxidation) and well as tire reverse (reduction) reaction are influenced by A4>. If one expresses tire reaction rate as a current flow (/ ), tire above equation C2.8.11 can be expressed in tenns of tire Butler-Volmer equation (for a more detailed... 

Butler recently reviewed the diazotization of heterocyclic amines (317). Reactions with nitrous acid yield in most cases N-exocyclic compounds. Since tertiary amines are usually regarded as inen to nitrosation, this... 

Butler, J. N. Ionic Equilibria A Mathematical Approach. Addison-Wesley Reading, MA, 1964. 

Source Values are compiled from the following sources Bard, A. J. Parsons, R. Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions. Dekker New York, 1985 Milazzo, G. Carol , S. Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials. Wiley London, 1978 Swift, E. H. Butler, E. A. Quantitative Measurements and Chemical Equilibria. Freeman New York, 1972. 

M. H. Butler, Polarised Eight Microscopy in the Conservation of Paintings, centennial volume. State Microscopical Society of Hlinois, Chicago, pp. 1—17, 1970. 

J. N. Butler, Studies in the Hydrometallurgy ofMercuy Sulfide, Nevada Bureau of Mines, Rept. No. 5. 

E. P. Butler, and E. R. EuUer, Jr., Ductile Coating for High Toughness Ceramic Matrix Composites," unpublished work, 1992. 

These two reactions may be generalized to the Butler-Vohner equation ... 

The Butler-Vohner equation can be appHed to many, but not all, systems. Moreover, many of the systems that do not foUow the Butler-Vokner model are of great practical importance, eg, in the corrosion of passivating metals (see Corrosion and corrosion control). 

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