Butler Report

Several examples exist for the conversion of 5-aminothiazoles into the corresponding thiazolopyrimidines. Shaw and Butler report the formation of aminothiazole thiocarboxyamide 27 from the thioamide 26 and carbon disulphide using Cook and Heilbron s procedure. Methylation of 27 gave carboxythioimidate 28 which then reacted with sodium hydroxide to give amino-nitrile 29, and with formic acid and acetic anhydride to give the thiazolopyrimidine 30. 

The Butler Report, released in July 2004, strongly criticised the British government s report on Iraq s WMD. Lord Butler made it clear in the report that the claim that Iraq possessed chemical weapons ready for deployment depended on hearsay, at second-hand, from a source who turned out to be unreliable. The Butler committee concluded that they were struck by the relative thinness of the intelligence base... especially the inferential nature of much of it. 78 Downing Street saw exactly the same intelligence and yet came to the conclusion that it established beyond doubt that Iraq possessed real WMD.79 As Hans Blix observed a week before the Butler Report, the British government refused to think critically about the evidence, even when he reported that 500 searches had produced no evidence of WMD.80... 

C. Platt, P. Taylor, L. Charles, P. Butler, Report on the Energy Storage Systems Program Executive Meetings Project, SAND97-2700, November 1997, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM,... 

Although density measurements of varying degrees of accuracy have been reported for ethanolic solutions, standard state partial molal volumes in ethanol have been evaluated for only a few electrolytes. Vosburgh, Connell and Butler reported for LiCl in water and a series of alcohols, including ethanol. They observed that the salt had a much smaller value of F in the alcohols than in water, and that for all the systems studied it was smallest in ethanol. Sobkowski and Mine have reported for HCl in water and the three lower alcohols and also observe F to be smaller in the alcohols than in water, but it is smallest in methanol rather than ethanol. Lee and Hyne have reported F° at 50.25°C for the tetraalkylammonium chlorides in ethanol-water mixtures up to 0.4 mol fraction of ethanol. With the tetramethyl and tetraethyl salts, the volumes are all very positive in water but decrease rapidly with an increase in alcohol content and appear to be at a minimum around 0.3 to 0.4 mol fraction of ethanol. The higher tetraalkyl salts are not entirely consistent with this pattern. 

Butler reported the chromatography of cationic polymers on aminated and quaternized polystryrene-divinylbenzene packings (52). This approach has apparently since been abandoned, possibly because of difficulty in controlling swelling and porosity. Talley and Bowman prepared a cationic CPG by deriva-... 

United Kingdom. Butler Committee. Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction [ The Butler Report ]. London HMSO, 2004. Available at http //www.butlerreview.oig.uk. 

In organic synthesis, we know only one interesting case where reactions of arenediazonium ions take place in the presence of a crown ether, but not at all without. It is the azo coupling reaction of 4-methoxybenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate with pyrroles. Butler and Sheppard (1978) reported that the azo derivatives 11.15 and 11.16 were obtained under phase-transfer conditions (CH2C12 or CHC13 + water) in the presence of dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, but not at all by a published procedure (Kreutzberger and Kalter, 1961). 

Butler, A. and Carter-Eranklin, J.N. (2004) Natural Products Reports, 21, 180-188. 

A. Karonen, F. Stenman, Report Series in Physics HU-P-152, University of Helsinki, 1979 P.D. Harvey, 1. S. Butler, /. Raman Spectrosc. 1986, 17, 329... 

Recently Butler et al. [4] reported the deposition of nanocrystalline diamond films with the conventional deposition conditions for micrometer-size polycrystalline diamond films. The substrate pretreatment by the deposition of a thin H-terminated a-C film, followed by the seeding of nanodiamond powder, increased the nucleation densities to more than 10 /cm on a Si substrate. The resultant films were grown to thicknesses ranging from 100 nm to 5 fim, and the thermal conductivity ranged from 2.5 to 12 W/cm K. 

The effect of the phospholipids on the rate of ion transfer has been controversial over the last years. While the early studies found a retardation effect [6-8], more recent ones reported that the rate of ion transfer is either not retarded [9,10] or even enhanced due to the presence of the monolayer [11 14]. Furthermore, the theoretical efforts to explain this effect were unsatisfactory. The retardation observed in the early studies was explained in terms of the blocking of the interfacial area by the phospholipids, and therefore was related to the size of the transferring ion and the state of the monolayer [8,15]. The enhancement observed in the following years was attributed to electrical double layer effects, but a Frumkin-type correction to the Butler Volmer (BV) equation was found unsuitable to explain the observations [11,16]. Recently, Manzanares et al. showed that the enhancement can be described by an electrical double layer correction provided that an accurate picture of the electrical double layer structure is used [17]. This theoretical approach will be the subject of Section III.C. 

Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media Management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance—A report from the Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999 18(l) l-9. 

The Butler-Volmer rate law has been used to characterize the kinetics of a considerable number of electrode electron transfers in the framework of various electrochemical techniques. Three figures are usually reported the standard (formal) potential, the standard rate constant, and the transfer coefficient. As discussed earlier, neglecting the transfer coefficient variation with electrode potential at a given scan rate is not too serious a problem, provided that it is borne in mind that the value thus obtained might vary when going to a different scan rate in cyclic voltammetry or, more generally, when the time-window parameter of the method is varied. 

CHEMKIN REAL-GAS A Fortran Package for Analysis of Thermodynamic Properties and Chemical Kinetics in Nonideal Systems, Schmitt, R. G., Butler, P. B. and French, N. B. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Report UIME PBB 93-006,1993. A Fortran program (rglib.f and rgin-terp.f) used in connection with CHEMKIN-II that incorporates several real-gas equations of state into kinetic and thermodynamic calculations. The real-gas equations of state provided include the van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong, Soave, Peng-Robinson, Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson, and Nobel-Abel. 

Adkins, S., Hetzel, C., Smith, I., Walton, ]., Butler, C.A., Hazlett, R., and Hayashi, I., New Drug Discovery Is Genomics Delivering Lehman Brothers Research Reports, 1999. 

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