Butanediol fermentation

Alam S, Capit E, Weigand WA, Hong J. (1990). Kinetics of 2,3-butanediol fermentation by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens effect of initial substrate concentration and aeration. J Chem Technol Biotechnol, 47, 71-84. 

Zeng A-P, Deckwer W-D (1991) A model for multiproduct-inhibited growth of Enterobacter aerogettes in 2,3-butanediol fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35 1—3... 

Biacetyl is produced by the dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol with a copper catalyst (290,291). Prior to the availabiUty of 2,3-butanediol, biacetyl was prepared by the nitrosation of methyl ethyl ketone and the hydrolysis of the resultant oxime. Other commercial routes include passing vinylacetylene into a solution of mercuric sulfate in sulfuric acid and decomposing the insoluble product with dilute hydrochloric acid (292), by the reaction of acetal with formaldehyde (293), by the acid-cataly2ed condensation of 1-hydroxyacetone with formaldehyde (294), and by fermentation of lactic acid bacterium (295—297). Acetoin [513-86-0] (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) is also coproduced in lactic acid fermentation. 

The presence of diacetyl at any stage of the process does not necessarily iadicate an infection by pediococci, because diacetyl is normally formed duting fermentation by oxidation of the precurser 2-acetolactate, which reaches a peak (1—1.2 ppm) at 24—36 h fermentation. The concentration of 2-acetolacetate is usually reduced to values of 0.01 ppm or less, and the diacetyl is reabsorbed by the yeast cells and en2ymatically transformed through acetoia to butanediol. It is extremely important that 2-acetolactate as diacetyl is reduced below the threshold of 0.05—0.10 ppm (ia terms of diacetyl). 

In this chapter, we present part of our work on the conversion of bioglycerol into 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol and H2 using different microorganisms and discuss the use of a single bacterial strain isolated from anaerobic fermentation media, which is able to produce either diols or H2 according to the conditions in which it is grown. 

Tang B, Liaoa X et al (2010) Enhanced production of poly(vinyl alcohol)-degrading enzymes by mixed microbial culture using 1,4-butanediol and designed fermentation strategies. Polym Degrad Stab 95 557-563... 

Levene and Walti also reduced phytochemically l-hydroxy-3-buta-none to the levorotatory 1,3-butanediol and l-hydroxy-2-heptanone to the dextrorotatory 1,2-heptanediol. It seems that the optically active glycols that are obtained by bioreduction of hydroxy ketones with fermenting yeast are configurationally related. But the 1,3-butanediol that is obtained by the reduction of the l-hydroxy-3-butanone has the opposite configuration from the product of bioreduction of the isomeric d,Z-acetaldol (see p. 81). 

The first experiments made by Neuberg and Nord with the simplest diketone, diacetyl, showed at once that this substance can be hydrogenated phytochemically with comparitive ease. Acetylmethylcarbinol appears as an intermediate (see below), and the end product of reduction is asymmetric and levorotatory. Reduction was effected by the action of fermenting yeast on diacetyl. The 2,3-butanediol that is formed can be isolated by alcohol-ether extraction of the fermentation mixture after concentration in the Faust-Heim apparatus or by steam distillation in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide under ordinary pressure it is then carefully concentrated with the birectifier and obtained in the pure state by final fractionation. 

The yield of 1,3-PD for this reaction is 67% (mol/mol). If biomass formation is considered the theoretical maximal yield reduces to 64%. In the actual fermentation a number of other by-products are formed, i. e., ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, and 2,3-butanediol, by the enterobacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii and Enterobacter agglomerans, butyric acid by Clostridium butyricum, and butanol by Clostridium pasteurianum (Fig. 1). All these by-products are associated with a loss in 1,3-PD relative to acetic acid, in particular ethanol and butanol, which do not contribute to the NADH2 pool at all. 

CH3C0CH(0H)CH3, C4H8O2, M, 88.11, / pioi.skPa 148 °C, df 1.0062, ng 1.4171, has a pleasant buttery odor and both of its optical isomers occur widely in nature. It is synthesized by partial oxidation of 2,3-butanediol and is obtained as a byproduct in the fermentation of molasses. It is used for flavoring margarine. 

Vanilla flavour is not only determined and characterised by the vanillin molecule, but also by many more phenolic compounds and vanillin derivatives. Two examples of molecules that recently obtained FEMA-GRAS status are vanillyl ethyl ether and vanillin 2,3-butanediol acetal (Scheme 13.11). Vanillin can be hydrogenated to form vanillyl alcohol, which is also used in vanilla flavours. Vanillyl alcohol can be reacted with ethanol to form vanillyl ethyl ether. Vanillin can also form an acetal with 2,3-butanediol (obtained by fermentation of sugars) catalysed byp-toluene sulfonic acid in toluene. 

Tills is generally associated with the familiar alcoholic fermentation in which theoretically 100 parts of glucose are converted to 51.1 parts of ethyl alcohol (ethanol). 48.9 parts of carbon dioxide (CO/i. and heat. In addition, however, the anaerobic reaction also yields minor byproducts in small amounts—mainly glycerol, succinic acid, higher alcohols (fusel oil), 2,3-butanediol, and traces of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, and lactic acid. Fusel oil is a mixture of alcohols, including -propyl, -butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl alcohols. 

FIGURE 4.21 H NMR spectra (400 MHz) of time course evolution of red wine in alcoholic and malolactic fermentations for grape red must (pH 3). Peaks 1, ethanol 2, ethanol satellites 3, lactic acid 4, acetic acid 5, succinic acid 6, malic acid 7, 2,3-butanediol 8, proline 9, alanine. (From Avenoza et at, 2006.)... 

In membrane distillation, two liquids (usually two aqueous solutions) held at different temperatures are mechanically separated by a hydrophobic membrane. Vapors are transported via the membrane from the hot solution to the cold one. The most important (potential) applications of membrane distillation are in water desalination and water decontamination (77-79). Other possible fields of application include recovery of alcohols (e.g., ethanol, 2,3-butanediol) from fermentation broths (80), concentration of oil-water emulsions (81), and removal of water from azeotropic mixtures (82). Membrane (pervaporation) units can also be coupled with conventional distillation columns, for instance, in esterifications or in production of olefins, to split the azeotrope (83,84). 

Many industrial organic acids can be produced by fermentation, such as acetic, citric, and lactic acids. Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid of potential industrial interest as a platform chemical (1-3). Separation and purification of succinic acid by adsorption was tested to replace current precipitation methods and their associated waste disposal problems. Succinic acid is a valuable intermediate value chemical with a moderate market. For succinic acid to have an economic and energy impact, it will need to become a commodity chemical intermediate with a much lower price. This target price hasbeen estimated to be between 0.22 and 0.30 / lb ( 0.48- 0.66/kg) and is potentially achievable with advanced technology (1). At this price, succinic acid can be catalytically upgraded into other higher valued chemicals suchastetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol, y-butyrolactone, 2-pyrrolidinone, and N-methylpyrrolidinone. 

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid produced as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and also as one of the fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism. It has been considered an important chemical because it can be used for the precursor of 1,4-butanediol, tetrahydrofu-ran, and y-butyrolactone as well as for application in polymers, foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics (1,2). Currently, succinic acid is produced commercially through chemical synthesis. However, the production of... 

Biebl, H., Zeng, A.P., Menzel, K. and Deckwer, W.D. 1998. Fermentation of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol by Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50,... 

Garg, S.K. and Jain, A. 1995. Fermentative Production of 2,3-Butanediol A Review. Bioresource Technol., 51, 103-109. 

Interest in bioconversion of polysaccharides into refined chemicals has vacillated with the market price of traditional sources. Due to its relatively low production cost, Jerusalem artichoke-derived inulin is an attractive feedstock for commercial production of several common reagents (e.g., ethanol, acetone, butanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactic acid, succinic acid) (Barthomeuf et al., 1991 Drent and Gottschal, 1991 Drent et al., 1991,1993 Fages et al., 1986 Fuchs, 1987 Marchal et al., 1985 Middlehoven et al., 1993). Selection of the appropriate microorganism (Table 5.8) and fermentation conditions is essential for maximizing the yield of a desired component. 

Process for the production of 2,3-butanediol by aerobic fermentation of a substrate by strains of Bacillus polymyxa... 

Many other chemicals can be obtained from both yeast and bacteria fermentation of sugars and pulp mill effluents. Potential fermentation products from wood hydrolysates include acetone, organic acids (acetic, butyric, lactic), glycerol, butanediol, and others.42... 

In February 2006, Japan s Mitsubishi Motors announced that it is to use the biopolymer, polybutylene succinate (PBS), in the interior of its new mini-car launched next year. In conjunction with Aichi Industrial Technology Institute, it has developed a material that uses PBS combined with bamboo fibre. PBS is composed of succinic acid, which is derived from fermented corn or cane sugar, and 1,4-butanediol. Bamboo grows quickly and is seen by Mitsubishi as a sustainable resource. In lifecycle tests, the PBS-bamboo fibre composite achieves a 50% cut in carbon dioxide emissions compared with polypropylene. Volatile organic compound levels are also drastically reduced, by roughly 85%, over processed wood hardboards. 

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