Bus bars

Burton Pale Ale Burton s reagent Busan 1005 Busan 1030 Busan 1058 Busan 1060 Busan 77 Busan 11-Ml BusanR1024 Bus bars... 

Fig. 14. OxyTech/Uhde HU-type cell a, cell bottom b, cathode c, anode d, cell cover e, bus bars f, brine level gauge g, brine flow meter h, bypass...

Eig. 19. CME monopolar electrolyzer a, membrane b, cathode element c, half-cathode element d, current distributor e. Teflon tube f, CI2 + depleted brine manifold g, conductor rod h, CI2 + depleted brine outlet nozzle i, base frame j, recycled NaOH manifold k, recycled NaOH inlet nozzle 1, gasket (the gasket-to-element ratio is quite small) m, tie rod n, anode element o, H2 + NaOH manifold p, end plate, q, under cell bus bar (simplifies piping... 

Usually, copper surfaces are mated when joints must be periodically discoimected because copper offers low resistance and good wear. Junctions between copper and aluminum bus bars are improved by using a copper—aluminum transition joint that is welded to the aluminum member. Deterioration of aluminum shunt connections by arcing is eliminated when a transition joint is welded to both the primary bar and the shunting bar. 

In addition to the circuit breaker, there have been a number of other SMA appHcations for various functions in electric power generation (qv), distribution, and transmission systems. One such device is a thermal indicator that provides a signal visible from the ground of a hot junction or connector in a distribution yard. Such hot spots occur as a result of the loosening of bus bar connectors owing to cycHc temperature as the electric load varies. In addition to the use of SMA flags as a hot-spot indicators, actuators that automatically maintain the contact force in a bus bar connection have been demonstrated. Based on a BeUeviHe washer fabricated from a Cu—Al—Ni SMA trained to exhibit two-way memory, these washers, when heated by a hot joint, increase their force output and correct the condition. A 30 mm diameter washer 3 mm thick can produce a force of over 4000 N. Similar in purpose... 

Fig. 2. Downs cell A, the steel shell, contains the fused bath B is the fire-brick lining C, four cylindrical graphite anodes project upward from the base of the cell, each surrounded by D, a diaphragm of iron gau2e, and E, a steel cathode. The four cathode cylinders are joined to form a single unit supported on cathode arms projecting through the cell walls and connected to F, the cathode bus bar. The diaphragms are suspended from G, the collector assembly, which is supported from steel beams spanning the cell top. For descriptions of H—M, see text.

Purification actually starts with the precipitation of the hydrous oxides of iron, alumina, siUca, and tin which carry along arsenic, antimony, and, to some extent, germanium. Lead and silver sulfates coprecipitate but lead is reintroduced into the electrolyte by anode corrosion, as is aluminum from the cathodes and copper by bus-bar corrosion. 

Electrodeposition. Electro deposition, the most important of the unit processes in electrorefining, is performed in lead- or plastic-lined concrete cells or, more recently, in polymer—concrete electrolytic cells. A refinery having an aimual production of 175,000 t might have as many as 1250 cells in the tank house. The cells are multiply coimected such that anodes and cathodes are placed alternately and coimected in parallel. Each cell is a separate unit and electrically coimected to adjacent cells by a bus bar. 

Figure 13.7 Side view of a double front panel with a common horizontal bus, but separate vertical bus bars (not visible) (Courtesy ECS)...

In total, three high-silicon iron anodes of 3 kg each were installed at points a, aj and as shown in Fig. 11-3. The anodes were bedded vertically in fine-grained coke in boreholes about 2.3 m deep and J = 0.2 m so that the length of the coke backfill was about 1 m. Each anode was connected by a separate cable to the anode bus bar of the transformer-rectifier to allow the current of individual anodes to be monitored. Three cathode cables 2x4 mm were installed for the return path of the protection current and attached on the tank end to the connecting clamps of the dome support. 

Bus bars of a transformer substation must not be directly grounded. They must be connected with rails by at least two insulated cables. Metal sheathing of feeder and return current cables must only then be connected with the rails or bus bar if an increase in anodic corrosion on other buried installations is absolutely excluded. The insulation of all return cables must therefore be monitored regularly. 

With forced stray current drainage, the current is returned from the pipeline to the rails by means of a grid-fed rectifier. The transformer-rectifier is connected into the stray current return conductor, the negative pole is connected with the installation to be protected and the positive pole is connected to the rails or the negative side of the bus bar in the transformer substation. 

Instrument Power - Instrument power failures are evaluated on a basis similar to that described for a power failure. Included in the normal considerations for PR sizing should be the failure of power supply to all instruments in and controlled from a single bus bar. Reliability feahires should include secondary selective power supply to control rooms, with emergency generator or battery backup for critical instruments and control computers. Critical controls should be able to continue operation independently of control computers. 

All electrical protective equipment (e.g., circuit breakers, fuses, bus bars, and motor starters) is rated for maximum short circuit currents by NEMA standards. Proper selection of equipment must be based on available short circuit currents. 

If conforming anodes or plastics shields are to be effective they must be fairly accurately located in relation to the workpiece. The practice, common in many plating shops, of wiring the work directly to the electrical bus bars over the plating tanks is, therefore, not satisfactory. Instead, the work should be mounted on rigid jigs or racks which are then suspended from the bars over the tanks. 

Corrosion of the current-conducting elements in the positive electrode, as of the plate support (grid), bus bars, and termi-... 

The monopolar option utilised 399 V (including bus bar losses) so an extra 16 electrolysers can be added to the circuit making an extra 28 000 tonnes per year of caustic or US 7million extra sales value (at US 250 per ECU). The bipolar option utilised only 360 V on each electrolyser so an extra 28 anodes could be added, manufacturing an extra 50 000 tonnes per year (Fig. 15.13). At US 250 per ECU, this yields an additional US 12.5 million of revenue. 

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