Burnett effects

The analysis of the results depends strongly on the achievement of a steady state. If, moreover, the Burnett effects are unimportant, then from (51) we have the linear profile of labeled-particle number density... 

The importance of Burnett effects can be ascertained in several ways. With respect to nonlinear Burnett effects, we simply analyze the results for each probability p separately, with the expectation that the resulting values of should display a trend with p if such effects are present. Effects due to the linear super-Bumett terms in (51) should affect the linearity of the profile (71). The latter is averaged over each layer. 

The pooled observations of Ni are fitted to the linear expression (71) via least squares. No significant departures from linearity are observed, which is consistent with the existence of theoretical reasons to believe that the super-Burnett effects have a much smaller distance scale than the typical layer thicknesses used in these calculations. Similarly the layers adjacent to the boundaries show no atypical behavior, but the layer thicknesses are many mean free paths, while kinetic boundary layers are typically of the order of a mean free path. Thus the absence of effects beyond the linear Pick s law term is essentially a result of the spatial coarse graining used. 

Autoacceleration, Glass and Zutty (S) and Burnett and Melville 9) reported an increase in the rate and average degree of polymerization with increasing solution viscosity, heterogeneous conditions and chain coiling for free radical, vinyl polymerizations. Autoacceleration is also called Trommsdorff. (10) effect. 

A superficially related dependence of on the medium has been observed by Norrish and Smith working with methyl methacrylate, and by Burnett and Melville with vinyl acetate. Rates in poor solvents are high, and determination of by the rotating sector method reveals what appears to be a decrease in kt in the poor solvents. This apparent decrease in kt accounts for the increased rate of polymerization. Actually, precipitation of the polymer seems to be responsible for the effect. The growing radicals become imbedded in precipitated droplets, presumably of very small size. The termination reaction is suppressed owing to isolation of the chain radical in one droplet from that in another. This gel effect is fairly common in systems yield-... 

Claims for acute hydrogen sulfide exposure that occurred over a 5-year period (1969-1973) in Alberta, Canada, primarily among petrochemical workers, were reviewed by Burnett et al. (1977). Acute effects noted included coma, disequilibrium, and respiratory insufficiency with pulmonary edema. Of 221 cases, there were 14 deaths. A follow-up study of 250 workers claims for hydrogen sulfide exposure from 1979 to 1983 in Alberta, Canada, found 7 fatalities that usually involved the central nervous and respiratory systems hepatic congestion and cardiac petechiae were also noted (Arnold et al. 1985). The difference in fatality rate (6% down to 2.8%) was attributed to improved first aid training and an increased awareness of the dangers of hydrogen sulfide. 

Hematological Effects. The cyanosis that has been reported in a number of cases of accidental exposure to hydrogen sulfide is believed to result from respiratory distress (Arnold et al. 1985 Burnett et al. 1977 Deng and Chang 1987 Peters 1981 Ravizza et al. 1982 Stine et al. 1976 Tvedt et al. 1991a, 1991b). 

Hepatic Effects. Increases in unspecified liver enzyme activities were noted in some of 221 persons exposed by inhalation to hydrogen sulfide (Burnett et al. 1977). No baseline for these effects was available and they were not quantified. 

Peng, L., Calton, G.J., and Burnett, J.W. (1987) Effect of borohydride reduction on antibodies. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 14, 91-99. 

The immunotoxicology of metals in fishes has been reviewed elsewhere [74-76, 45], Overall, the immune systems of fishes are highly sensitive to metals, although the effects are not always suppression of immune functions. Burnett [76] demonstrated that low levels of metals increased intracellular calcium, increased protein phosphorylation, and stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in fish. Since most metals are toxic to both the nervous system and the immune system, a neuroendocrine-immune link to immuno-toxicity from metal exposure is likely. 

The phase structure of glasses has a significant effect on their physical properties, which is discussed below with reference to chemical durability. The magnitude of the phase separation can be altered by heat treatment, and enhanced or reduced by the addition of various oxides to the melt. In particular, the addition of alumina to commercial soda-lime-silica glasses reduces the tendency to phase separation, improving chemical resistance (Doremus, 1973). A detailed study of the microstructure of soda-lime-silica glasses has been published by Burnett and Douglas (1970). The control of phase separation in the melt is now commercially important for processes such as the... 

As detailed by Gatehouse and Tweats (1987), the nature and concentration of solvent may have a marked effect on the test result. Dimethysolphoxide is often used as the solvent of choice for hydrophibic compounds. However, there may be unforeseen effects, such as an increase in mutagenicity of some compounds, for example, / -phcnylenediamne (Burnett et al., 1982) or a decrease in mutagenicity of others, such as simple aliphatic nitrosamines (Yahagi et al., 1977). It is essential to... 

Saeo, M.K., Abdulmalik, O., Danso-Danquah, R., Burnett, J.C., Nokuri, S., Joshi, G.S., Musayev, F.N., Asakura, T., and Abraham, D.J. Structural basis for the potent antisickling effect of a novel class of five-membered heterocyclic aldehydic compounds./. Med. Chem., 2004. 

Kitagawa H, Takenouchi T, Azuma R, Wesnes KA, Kramer WG Clody DE, Burnett AL. (2003) Safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects on cognitive function of multiple doses of GTS-21 in healthy, male volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 542-551. 

No embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were produced when pregnant rats were exposed by topical administration to their shaved skin of semipermanent hair-dye preparations containing 0.1-1.5% triethanolamine on gestational days 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19 (Burnett et al., 1976). [This study was not reviewed in detail by the Working... 

Of more concern are the comments by De Schepper et al. [528] and Resibois and De Leener [490]. They have discussed whether such a fourth-order derivative can have meaning. A mode-coupling theory and a kinetic theory of hard spheres both indicate that the Burnett coefficient diverges at tin. There seems little or no reason for the continued use of the Burnett equation in discussing chemical reaction rates in solution. Other effects are clearly more important and far more reasonable from a theoretical point of view. 

Anderson, D. B., G. M. Burnett and A. C. Gowan Some novel effects in solution polymerization. IUPAC Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Moscow, 1960 Section II 111. 

Burnett and coworkers have described the synthesis of a very potent class of cholesterol absorption inhibitors (CAI) typified by the original lead compound in this series the compound I showed in Fig. 42 (SCH 48461). This 2-azetidinone has resulted as an effective inhibitor of cholesterol absorption in a cholesterol-fed hamster model [9]. Subsequently, the same molecule has been shown to reduce serum cholesterol in human clinical trials [382]. Although this class of compounds has been initially designed as acyl coenzyme A cholesterol transferases (ACAT) inhibitors, early structure-activity studies demonstrated a striking divergence of in vitro ACAT inhibition and in vivo activity in the cholesterol-fed hamster. A detailed examination of this molecule indicated that the hypocholesterolemic... 

Starke WC, Pellerin RJ, Burnett DC. 1982. White phosphorus-felt smoke Effects on reproduction in the rat. Report No. ARCSL-TR-82002, AD-A118682. 

Stieb DM, Judek S, Burnett RT (2002) Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality Effects of gases and particles and the influence of causes of death, age, and season. J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 52 470-484. 

Rutkowski, C., Burnett, W., Iverson, R., and Chanton, J. (1999) The effect of ground water seepage on nutrient delivery and seagrass distribution in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 22, 1033-1040. 

Stockley RA, Shaw J, Whitfield AG, Whitehead TP, Clarke CA, Burnett D, Effect of cigarette smoking, pulmonary inflammation, and lung disease on concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum and secretions, Thorac., 41 17-24, 1986. 

Ravel G, Christ M, Ruat C, Burnett R, Descotes J. Effect of murine recombinant IL-2 on the course of lupus-like disease in (NZBxNZW) FI female mice. Immu-nopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002 24 409-21. 

Benzimidazoles, (I), and azetidinyl amine derivatives, (II), prepared by Okamoto (2) and Burnett (3), respectively, were effective as ORL receptor inhibitors and used in treating chronic pain. 

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