Burner off-gas

Results presented were determined at a partial load of the device (1-2 kW for the LHV of the hydrogen produced). At a burner off-gas (heating gas) inlet temperature of 350 °C, a S/C ratio of 1.5 and a pressure of 3 bar, full conversion of the methanol was achieved and 0.9 m3 h 1 hydrogen were produced. The hydrogen production rate was regarded as competitive with literature data. 

The burner off-gas caimot be used to generate steam. Water must be evaporated by the heat produced by the electrochemical reaction in the HT-PEFC. In Figure 32.8, the evaporation is performed directly in the fuel cell. In practice, the use of a heating oil cycle would be more reaHstic. 

Ahmed et al. [435] performed calculations to highlight the effect of the various operating parameters of an autothermal methane fuel processor on the overall water balance. The system considered by Ahmed et al. included an afterburner, which combusted the anode off-gas by cathode off-gas oxygen. Water was then recovered from the burner off-gas. As shown in Table 5.10, Section 5.4.1, the water balance improved when the S/C ratio was increased. 

Other factors affecting the water balance are the hydrogen utilisation in the fuel cell anode and the oxygen stoichiometry on the cathode side. Increasing hydrogen utilisation requires a surplus of cathode air and consequently cathode stoichiometry needs to be increased. This dilutes the burner off-gas, which has a detrimental effect on the water balance of the fuel cell/fuel processor system [435]. 

New flash roasters dry on the bottom hearth the ore is introduced in two opposed burners for increased turbulence (24). Such roasters with combustion chambers of 8—9 m high are capable of dead roasting (sulfide removal to <0.5%) over 300 t of zinc concentrates per day with 10% sulfur dioxide in the off-gas. 

AMD 2 Automatic shut-off valves for gas burners and gas appliances (AMD 9796J dated... 

The pyrolysis product gas enters the secondary chamber through a burner that is mounted vertically, enabling flow of the product gas into the combustion chamber, ensuring extended flame length. The treated secondary off gas is scrubbed in a shower and ejected into the atmosphere. 

Right now I m especially reactive to cleaners and dish soaps. I had a dish soap that I tolerated for a few months, and now I ve lost that. I m still reactive to normal water, so I can t eat in restaurants because the food is cooked in water—and most restaurants have gas stoves, and I m not very tolerant of gas. I have a stainless steel distiller I transport around with me. We have a little trailer, and I have to travel with my distiller and a two-burner electric stove. The trailer has a gas stove, which we don t use, and it has a rubberized liner which caused problems for me so we ve sealed it the best we can. We can t park in the sun because heat bakes the rubber and causes it to off-gas fumes that make me sick. 

Off-gas from the coke burner ( -Gas) contains nitrogen, sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour and other trace contaminants. The -Gas is directed to the CO Boiler for incineration where sulphur compounds are converted to SO2. The Boiler flue gas is passed through electrostatic precipitators for particulate control and then emission to atmosphere. The CO Boiler also serves as the Sulphur Plant tail gas incinerator. Maximum sulphur emissions are 146 tonnes/day or 10.6% of sulphur contained in bitumen feed to the cokers. 

A gas black apparatus consists of a burner pipe approximately 5 m long, which carries 30-50 diffusion burners. The flames burn in contact with a water-cooled drum, where about half of the carbon black formed is deposited. This black is scraped off and transported by a screw to a pneumatic conveying system. The gas black apparatus is surrounded by a steel box open at the bottom. At the top of it, fans suck the off-gas into filters, which collect the carbon black suspended in the gas. 

One of the most common safety trips is the automatic fuel-gas shutoff. We have this at home on our furnaces. We ignite the pilot light manually. The pilot light heats a thermocouple. The milliamp output from this thermocouple opens the fuel-gas valve to the main burner. The gas in the main burner is ignited from the pilot-light flame. Should the heat from the pilot light diminish below a certain point, the fuel gas to the main burner, as well as to the pilot light, will be shut off. 

Another option is direct heating through the flow path of the fuel by applying catalytic or conventional burners, which may be either part of the power supply system of the fuel processor or additionally installed devices (start-up burner). By direct contact of the combustion off-gas with the various devices, rapid start-up of even larger scale fuel processors seems to be feasible [10], However, a major drawback is the restriction to catalyst systems which can tolerate hot combustion off-gases. 

In many modern instruments, especially the more expensive ones, a flash-back causes a switch of some sort to trip, immediately shutting off the fuel supply to minimize the risk of fire. The switch must be reset before the flame can be relit. More sophisticated instruments incorporate additional sensors related to safety. These include devices to detect the presence of the correct burner head, gas... 

Oxy/fuel burners are most efficient during cold scrap heating and meltdown. Typically, burner effectiveness decreases during the latter half of the meltdown period from an initial 60 to 80% to less than 20%, when firing on a flat molten bath. Excessive use of burners with low efficiency can result in yield loss and potential furnace damage due to higher off-gas temperatures. 

Lead rotary furnaces are used either for melting battery scrap or smelting concentrates. Oxy/fuel technology was introduced about 20 years ago in lead scrap-melting furnaces. Most of the lead rotary furnaces have been converted to oxy/fuel in Europe. The benefits of oxy/fuel burners in secondary plants include up to 100% production increases energy savings of up to 60% lower CO, C02, and NOx 85% lower combustion products 50% lower furnace off-gas and up to 60% lower particulate emissions. 

After exiting the baghouse, the off-gas is directed to the thermal oxidizer consisting of a refractory lined cylinder with a burner. The burner rapidly heats the... 

The DRE in a thermal oxidizer is affected by the three T s of time, temperature, and turbulence. In order to achieve the required destruction efficiencies, the burner heats the off-gas to temperatures between 760°C and 982°C in a turbulent mixing environment where the contaminants are held for a residence time of up to 2 sec. The turbulent environment is critical to ensuring thorough mixing of the off-gas in the combustion chamber thereby preventing any short circuiting where off-gas exits the combustion chamber prior to being treated. 

Gas jef mixing noise consisfs of a broadband frequency spectium. The frequency af which fhe spectium peaks depends on several factors such as fhe diameter of the nozzle, Mach number of fhe gas jef, fhe angle of the observer s position relative to the exit plane of the jet, and temperature ratio of the fully expanded jet to the ambient gas. In the flare and burner industry, gas jet mixing noise typically peaks somewhere between 2000 and 16,000 Hz. The characteristic shape is the same for all temperatures and angles, although there is a significant dependence on temperature and Mach number of fhe gas jef when the observer is positioned at an angle of less fhan 50° off axis from the centerline of the gas jet velocity vector [11]. 

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