Buckminster fullerenes

The discovery of perfect geodesic dome closed structures of carbon, such as C o has led to numerous studies of so-called Buckminster fullerene. Dislocations are important features of the structures of nested fullerenes also called onion skin, multilayered or Russian doll fullerenes. A recent theoretical study [118] shows that these defects serve to relieve large inherent strains in thick-walled nested fullerenes such that they can show faceted shapes. 

All of the carbon atoms in buckminster-fullerene are equivalent and are sp -hybridized each one simultaneously belongs to one five-membered ring and two benzene-like six-membered rings. The strain caused by distortion of the rings from coplanarity is equally distributed among all of the carbons. 

If you re a sports fan, you ve almost certainly seen this structure before. It is that of a soccer ball with a carbon atom at each vertex. Smalley and his colleagues could have named this allotropic form of carbon "carbosoccer" or "soc-cerene," but they didn t. Instead they called it "buckminster fullerene" after the architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes vaguely resembled truncated soccer balls. 

Kasermann, F., and Kempf, C. (1997) Photodynamic inactivation of enveloped viruses by buckminster-fullerene. Antivir. Res. 34, 65-70. 

Ender A et al. (2004) Screening of blood donations for HIV-1 and HCV RNA by transcription-mediated amplification assay one year experience. Transfus Med Hemother. 31 10-15. Kasermann F, Kempf C (1997) Photodynamic inactivation of enveloped viruses by buckminster-fullerene. Antiviral Res. 34 65-70. 

There has been a vast increase in publications on carbon nanoparticles, such as Buckminster fullerene (C60) and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs), since the late 1990s in response to the successful mass production methods of manufacturers... 

Braun T, Buvari-Barcza A, Barcza L, Konkoly-Thege I, Fodor M, Migali B (1994) Mechanochemistry a novel approach to the synthesis of fullerene compounds. Water soluble Buckminster fullerene - gamma- cyclodextrin inclusion complexes via solid-solid reaction. Solid State Chem. 74 47-51. 

In C60 fullerene-type carbon allotrope, there is only one structure in which all the pentagons are nonadjacent and this is icosohedral symmetry-I (Fig. 4.11). This structure is often referred to as backyball to reflect on its full name buckminster-fullerene (after Buckminster Fuller who popularized the geodesic dome as an architectural form). 

An observant smdent has also heard of many new and old technologies that seemed powerful and promising, but have not found much application. The buckminster-fullerene and the related carbon tubules seem like marvelous materials with unmatched and fascinating properties, but they are not used in the marketplace. Neither are the electrically conducting polyacetylenes, which hold the promise of a moldable conductor that can be made at low temperature. Almost every professor of chemical engineering and chemistry has numerous research results that are not used in the marketplace today. A visit to their offices and discussions wifh fheir research sfaff may resulf in several suggestions that are worth further investigations. 

The recently discovered and much researched buckminster fullerenes [475, 476] provide interesting opportunities for particle incorporation or attachment. Graphitic tubes, ranging from 4 to 30 nm in diameter and up to 1 pm in length, have been formed on the negative end of the carbon electrode used in the d.e. arc-discharge evaporation of carbon in an argon-filled vessel (Fig. 78) [477]. 

Interaction-induced spectra of endohedral complexes of buckminster-fullerene. p. 261, 1995. In Ref. [9]. 

For the demonstration of the capabilities of this method we chose the Buckminster fullerene Cgo. Since this molecule consists only of carbon atoms the net atomic charges of all atoms and hence the polarization are zero. The calculated chemical shift parameters depend only on the parameters of the unpolarized bonds and the 7t-bond order. The rc-bond order determines the extent of the 7t parameters contribution. 

Kroto, H. W. C6o Buckminster Fullerene, the celestial sphere that fell to earth , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, 1992,31, 111-129. 

Remarkable work by Frangois Diederich of the ETH lab in Zurich has resulted in the buckminster-fullerene-based redox sensing device 15.7. This novel sensor, which is produced in yields of up to 50 per cent, holds a dibenzo [18] crown-6 cavity in enforced close contact with the fullerene surface. Binding of K+ within the crown ether cavity results in relatively large anodic shifts of 90 mV of the first fullerene reduction (C60 C60 ). The implication is that the proximity of the potassium cation to the fullerene... 

A. Rathna and J. Chandrasekhar, Theoretical study of hydrogenated Buckminster-fullerene derivatives with benzenoid rings, Co0Ho0-On (n = 1-8), Chem. Phys. Lett. 206, 217-223(1993). 

The papers of Reichardt on solvents, solvent effects, and solvatochromic dyes often have useful historical introductions.435 436 Hargittai has interviewed the various discoverers of buckminster fullerene.437 Marsden and Rae have traced the history of nuclear magnetic resonance in Australia, 1952-1986.438... 

J. Baggott, Perfect Symmetry, The Accidental Discovery of Buckminster Fullerene, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994. 

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