Constrictive bronchiolitis

Lungs Dilate bronchioles Constrict bronchioles and increases secretions... 

Bronchiole constriction emphysema alveolar oedema proportional to dose 405... 

Table 44.6 lists the physiologic action of the Ms receptors. Because the Ms receptors cause bronchiole constriction, they counterbalance the bronchiole dilation of the p2-adrenerglc receptors In the lung, resulting In maintenance of bronchiole tone. This forms the basis for the therapeutic use of Inhaled antimuscarinics, because they block cholinergic bronchiole constriction and allow... 

The airway obstruction occurs when the bronchioles constrict (bronchospasm) and mucous secretions increase causing the patient to experience difficulty breathing (dyspnea). 

Myers JL, Colby TV. Pathologic manifestations of bronchiolitis, constrictive bronchiolitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Clin... 

As a bacterial protein, streptokinase is viewed by the human immune system as an antigenic substance. In some cases, its administration has elicited allergic responses that have ranged from mild rashes to more serious anaphylactic shock (an extreme and generalized allergic response characterized by swelling, constriction of the bronchioles, circulatory collapse and heart failure). 

With higher concentrations than those mentioned above, animals exhibit, in addition to myosis, the following symptoms salivation, muscular weakness, loss of muscular co-ordination, gasping, diarrhoea and finally cessation of respiration. There is intense constriction of the bronchioles and the immediate cause of death is asphyxia. Respiration ceases before the heart stops beating. The L.c. 50 s for rats and for mice for a 10 min. exposure are respectively 0-36 and 0-44 mg./l. Air saturated with D.F.P. at ordinary temperatures contains about 8 mg./l. and this will kill mice within 1 min. During exposures for a limited time (e.g. 5 min.), rabbits appear to be more resistant to the inhaled vapour of D.F.P. than are other animals. It appears that the peculiar nasal structure of the rabbit is responsible for its great resistance. 

Although anticholinesterase agents can be used in the treatment of atony of the bladder and adynamic ileus, they are contraindicated in cases of mechanical obstruction of the intestine or urinary tract. Caution should also be used in giving these drugs to a patient with bronchial asthma or other respiratory disorders, since they will further constrict the smooth muscle of the bronchioles and stimulate respiratory secretions. 

Volatile irritants such as ammonia and chlorine initially cause constriction of the bronchioles. These two gases are water soluble, are absorbed in the aqueous secretions of the upper airways of the respiratory system, and may not cause permanent damage. Irritant damage may however lead to changes in permeability and edema, the accumulation of fluid. Some irritants such as arsenic compounds cause bronchitis. 

In contrast to an additive effect, drugs with opposite actions may essentially cancel each other out, thus negating or reducing the beneficial effects of one or both medications. A drug that causes bronchodilation (i.e., for the treatment of asthma) will be negated by an agent that constricts the bronchioles. 

Oral or subcutaneous administration is usually associated with more side effects. However, when administered orally or subcutaneously, beta agonists may reach the more distal branches of the airway to a greater extent. The bronchioles are usually constricted during an asthmatic attack, and the drug may not reach the distal respiratory passages when administered by inhalation. 

Certain forms of dyspnea yield only to opiates. Especially in this category is the dyspnea of acute left ventricular failure and pulmonary edema. Most authorities agree that morphine is contraindicated in patients with pulmonary edema caused by chemical respiratory irritants. If needed in such cases for severe pain, its use should be combined with oxygen inhalation and positive-pressure therapy. In bronchial asthma, morphine is usually contraindicated because there is danger of addiction, the drug tends to depress respiration and to constrict bronchioles, and patients with asthma may be allergic to the drug. Deaths have occurred from the use of morphine in asthma. 

The evaporation of liquid ammonia in contact with flesh can cause frostbite. Ammonia is a potent skin corrosive and can damage eye tissue. When inhaled, ammonia causes constriction of the bronchioles. Because of its high water solubility, ammonia is absorbed by the moist tissues of the upper respiratory tract. Irritant damage to the lungs from ammonia can cause edema and changes in lung permeability. 

Constriction of bronchioles results in symptoms of asthma, decreased lung capacity. 

Constrict bronchioles Decrease gastrointestinal motility Increase urinary retention Dilate pupils of eyeslnsert... 

In the short-term, cocaine increases your blood pressure and heart rate. It constricts your blood vessels, dilates your bronchioles (the tubes you use for breathing), and increases your blood sugar. That is only in the short-term. 

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