BRITISH RUBBER

Bateman, Gee, Barnard, and others at the British Rubber Producers Research Association [6,7] developed a free radical chain reaction mechanism to explain the autoxidation of rubber which was later extended to other polymers and hydrocarbon compounds of technological importance [8,9]. Scheme 1 gives the main steps of the free radical chain reaction process involved in polymer oxidation and highlights the important role of hydroperoxides in the autoinitiation reaction, reaction lb and Ic. For most polymers, reaction le is rate determining and hence at normal oxygen pressures, the concentration of peroxyl radical (ROO ) is maximum and termination is favoured by reactions of ROO reactions If and Ig. 

Neoprene, Carothers first practical invention, was made reluctantly, as a kind of side issue to his scientific investigation of polymers. Synthetic rubber was of great commercial interest. The car-happy United States used half the world s natural rubber, and demand had outstripped the supply from wild rubber trees in the Amazon. Price fluctuations on British rubber plantations in Southeast Asia provided further incentive for the development of synthetic substitutes. Du Pont had been trying without success to... 

British Rubber Manufacturers Association Brown Crepe... 

Flexible PU Foam, Its Uses and Misuses British Rubber Manufacturers Association, London 1976 revised 1983. 

TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING OF DIISOCYANATES AND ANCILLARY CHEMICALS A CODE OF PRACTICE FOR POLYURETHANE FLEXIBLE FOAM MANUFACTURE AND ELASTOMER MANUFACTURE (Rapra Technology Ltd. British Rubber Manufacturers Assn.)... 

British Rubber Manufacturers Assn. Rapra Technology Ltd. 

Improvement in the processing and vulcanized qualities of a range of systems have been reported over the past decades. Modification of natural rubber, due to work in the British Rubber Producers Research Association, yields some of the most striking applications of microgel. A detailed study at the MV Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technology, in Moscow, on the effect of microgels on mechanical properties of cis-polyisoprene and butadiene-styrene rubbers extensively illustrates the properties of blends from latex combination of microgel and conventional or linear systems.(31)... 

Natural rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties. Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect and the Payne effect. It strain crystallizes. Under repeated tensile strain, many filler reinforced rubbers exhibit a reduction in stress after the initial extension, and this is the so-called Mullins Effect which is technically understood as stress decay or relaxation. The phenomenon is named after the British rubber scientist Leonard Mullins, working at MBL Group in Leyland, and can be applied for many purposes as an instantaneous and irreversible softening of the stress-strain curve that occurs whenever the load increases beyond... 

Naunton W.J.S, What Every Engineer Shoidd Know About Rubber, The British Rubber Development Board, (Incorporated in England), London 1954. 

Standards or specifications issued by individual companies are not considered to be of national status, however large or multi-national the concern might be. Specifications issued by local authorities and nationalised industries would be in the same bracket. Organizations such as Rapra Technology (The Rubber and Plastics Research Association), The British Rubber Manufacturers Association, the Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre and the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining do not issue standards. 

British Rubber Manufacturers recrystn recry stall ization... 

That year, Pope accepted a post as an Abstractor and Editor of Abstract Journals for the Research Association of British Rubber Manufacturers, leaving them in 1938 to work with Kodak as Journal Abstractor and Indexer at their Research Laboratories in Harrow, joining her longtime friend, Hamer (see above). She took a position as Research Librarian at the Distillers Research Department, Epsom, in 1944 — the same year she married Johannus Martinus Hulsken, a Chief Officer in the Dutch Merchant Navy. Pope continued working after marriage but in 1948, she resigned her position prior to the... 

BLIC - European Association of the Rubber Industry (www.blic.be) British Rubber Manufacturers Association (www.brma.co.uk)... 

The information in this section has been abstracted from British Rubber Manufacturers Association Ltd (1977), Fire Protection Association (1972), Isothone Ltd (undated), Patty (1981), Pigott (1969), Sax (1984) and Sommerfeld (1996). 

British Rubber Manufacturers Association Ltd. (1977) Isocyanates in industry operating and medical codes of practice, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE, UK. 

Research Assoc, of British Rubber Mfrs., Shawbury, Shrewsbury,... 

Dawson-Thomsett, Trade Names of Synthetics, Research Association of British Rubber... 

R. S. Rivlin and D. W. Saunders, British Rubber Prod. Res. Ass. Trans. Faraday Soc., 48, 200 (1952). Free energy of deformation for cured rubbers. Load-deformation data on vulcanization covering a wide range of hardness are reported. The mean segment lengths as determined from swelling can be correlated with the deformation data. 

Based on wide experience, The Plant Lining Group of the former Federation of British Rubber and Allied Manufacturers (FBRAM) had prepared a code of practice to be followed by industry to ensure satisfactory standards of lining materials, polymers and workmanship [9]. The leading members of this Federation were BTR Industries Ltd., Dunlop Rubber Ltd., Dexine Rubber Ltd., Nordac Ltd., and Redfern s Bredbury Ltd. This code sets out the advice of the Plant Lining Group for vessels to be lined with compounds of natural and synthetic rubbers ... 

The FBRAM, now The British Rubber Manufacturers Association (BRMA), specifies that all users of rubber lined equipment should familiarise themselves with BS 6374 Parts 1-5 [10-14]. They also give advisory guidelines on the use and handling of rubber lined equipment. 

FBRAM Federation of British Rubber and Allied Manufacturers... 

The mechanisms of autooxidation reactions were elucidated through the landmark research carried out at the British Rubber Producers Research Association, where the kinetics of autooxidation of olefins were studied in the 1940 s and early 1950 s. Some of the key researchers engaged in that work were L. Bateman, J. L. Bolland, G. Gee, A. L. Morris, P. Ten Have, among others. They contributed enormously to our understanding of autooxidation reactions of organic materials. Re-reading their papers produces appreciation of their important work and emphasizes the debt we, in polymer stabilization work, owe them. That work established the following ... 

The work at the British Rubber Producers Association and subsequent work by Bickel and Kooyman, Thomas and Tolman, among others, led to the appreciation that a key requirement of oxidation inhibi-... 

And so, the work on mechanisms of autooxidation at the British Rubber Producers Association, the early work on the synthesis and reaction of stable free radicals, the recognition of the rale of stable free radicals in polymer stabilization, the discovery of stable triacetonamine-N-oxyl, and the search for practical candidates for commercialization, have led to the development of hindered amine stabilizers, a new class of polymer stabilizers. They are effective in many polymers against photodegradation and also are effective against thermooxidation in some polymers. The structures of the current commercially available products for polymer stabilization may be seen in Figure 7. These compounds are effective in meeting the stabilizer requirements in many commercial polymers however, others are under development to satisfy requirements not being met by them. 

L.Landau, Natural Rubber Latex and Its Applications No3 The Manufacture of Dipped Rubber Articles from Latex, British Rubber Development Board, London, 1954. 

Over the years, much of the research on accelerated-sulfur vulcanization was done by using natural rubber as a model substrate. Natural rubber was the first elastomer and therefore the search for understanding of vulcanization originated with work on natural rubber. Even in recent years most of the work published on the study of vulcanization has been related to natural rubber. This was because of the tradition of doing research on natural rubber and because of the fact that the largest knowledge base to build upon was with respect to natural rubber. It should be mentioned that a large factor in the establishment of the tradition of research on the vulcanization of natural rubber was the British Rubber Producers Research Association or BRPRA (now called the Malaysian Rubber Producers Research Association or MRPRA). Of course, this institution is essentially devoted to natural rubber. 

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