Breakwaters

The civil engineering market for scrap tires encompasses several distinct uses. Whole tires have been used to constmct retaining walls and crash barriers. One pubhcized use is the constmction of houses and at least one motel (7). Whole tires have been used in erosion control, and to constmct breakwaters and artificial reefs. 

The abundance of L. littorea and the far more sensitive dog whelk, N. lapil-lus, can be used as indicators. TBT contamination has made the dog whelk a rare species in Dutch coastal waters and it is almost entirely absent from harbours and marinas (Harding et al., 1992 Van Moorsel, 1996). TBT potentially accumulates in sediments. However, there is no direct link between sediment concentrations and effects in gastropods, as the preferred habitats of some of the most common gastropods (e.g. N. lapillus, L. littorea) are hard substrates, including natural substrates such as rock and artificial substrates such as harbour walls, breakwaters, etc. (Oehlmann, 2002). 

Ore samples were provided by the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Department of Mineral Science Division of Mineralogy, and Breakwater Resources Limited. Dr. N. Norman, Department of Classics, University of Georgia provided the curse tablet samples. 

Provincial Papers Inc. is located on Lake Superior at Thunder Bay, Ontario. Sulphite/mechanical processes are used in the production of coated and uncoated fine papers from purchased kraft pulp and groundwood from softwood sources. Secondary treatment is carried out in an aerated lagoon system (a serpentine basin) and was installed at the mill in late 1995 (see Fig. 2). Effluent flow rates ranged from 25,000 to 35,000 m3/day in the two years following installation of secondary treatment. Treated effluent is discharged into the inner basin of Lakehead Harbour, a sheltered embayment created by a series of breakwaters. The Current River is the other major discharge to the immediate area of the mill outfall. A description of the EEM study is found in ESG (2000). 

Whole waste tires can be used for artificial reefs, breakwaters, erosion control, playground equipment, and highway crash barriers. 

Breakwaters are barriers off shore that protect a harbor or shore from the full impact of the waves. Breakwaters using scrap tires have been tested by the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers and were found to be effective on small-scale waves. It was recognized at the outset that this application would never use a great number of scrap tires, but tires perform well in applications where floats are needed. Scrap tires for breakwaters and floats are filled with material, usually foam, which displaces 200 pounds of water and can be used to float a number of devices such as marinas and docks and serve as small breakwaters. 

Breakwaters and flotation devices presently consume approximately 30,000 to... 

Artificial reefs and breakwaters Playground equipment Erosion control Highway crash barriers... 

Historically the method of choice to protect the shoreline has been to use engineering, armoring the beaches against the wind and water of the angry sea. The methods of armoring were to build parallel seawalls, bulkheads, revetments, and offshore breakwaters. Groins and jetties were built perpendicular to the beach. 

Figure 1. Map of the lower Menominee River showing sampling sites. Transect numbers are distances from the mouth of the breakwater in hundreds of feet.

Shorelines consisting of man-made solid structures include retaining walls, harbour walls, breakwaters, ramps, and docks and are generally made of rocks,... 

Photo 117 Oil from the massive Gulf War spill is accumulating on sand beaches behind this breakwater. (Al Allen)... 

Liners as battleships and battlecruisers — the Orubii as HMS Orion. She was later sunk deliberately at Kephalos to form a breakwater ajjainst the fierce... 

Breakwater Avenue Hayward, CA 94545 Fax 510-780-1020 seeks drugs in plants... 

Experimental testing indicated the potential value of using discarded tires as a construction material for low cost shore and harbor protection. TWo types of modular assembly methods with available connecting materials were examined by Armstrong and Peterson [6] floating tire breakwaters and tire revetments. Floating tire breakwaters provide wave attenuation in marinas and small harbors in both slat and freshwater. Tire revetment mats hold the promise as a low cost approach to certain shore erosion problems. 

Tire structures used for shore and harbor protection fall into two categories. Floating tire breakwaters are built in locations offshore to attenuate incoming waves for harbor protection. Revetments type structures located directly on the shorehne are built to dissipate wave energy remaining at the shore. 

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