Breakwater cores and training walls

Breakwaters are mbble mound stmctures that break up wave forces and thus provide calm water conditions on the protected side of the breakwater. Breakwaters can be connected to land or may be wholly offshore stmctures (these are sometimes termed segmented breakwaters ). Furthermore, depending on their functional requirements, they may be exposed (ie, above water level) or submerged (ie, below water level). The function of submerged breakwaters is discussed in Section 20.9. 

Exposed breakwaters are constmcted to provide calm water conditions within ports, prevent the siltation of port access channels and control and manage coastal erosion (Fig. 20.18). Pilarczyk and Zeidler (1996) discuss many different functions of breakwaters. 

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