Beach sands

Beach sands Beadboaid insulation Bead mills Beam... 

Humphrey s spiral 0.6 dia, 2.9 1-5 beach sands, iron ore, and other heavy minerals... 

Ilmenite is more abundant than mtile. Ilmenite world suppHes are estimated to meet the requirements of the Ti02 industry into the twenty-second century. The largest sources of ilmenite are in AustraHa, Canada, South Africa, Russia, and the United States. Large, unexplored sources also exist in China. About 9 million metric tons of ilmenite are mined aimuaHy. Long-term atmospheric effects weather ilmenite into leucoxene [1358-95-8], which contains most of its iron as Fe " . The majority of the world s supply of mtile comes from the beach sands of AustraHa, Florida, India, Bra2H, and South Africa. The total worldwide supply is estimated to be about 50 million metric tons. About 0.5 million tons are mined a year. The supply should last at least until the end of the twenty-first century. 

Typically, ore bodies are relatively low in iron content. Iron minerals are finely divided in a gangue matrix. Wet grinding is usually required to Hberate the iron minerals, although some beach sands may have Hberated iron mineral values. Wet dmm separators are limited to the treatment of material <10 mm. The magnetic dmm separators appHed are usually related to the grinding circuit required to Hberate the iron mineral, and are typically designated by appHcation as cobbers, roughers, or finishers. 

Induced-roU separators have also been used in the concentration and cleaning of heavy minerals found in beach sands. Examples are the mtUe and ilmenite beach sands of Florida and New Jersey. Induced-roU separators are frequently used in combination with high tension or electrostatic separators. 

Fig. 1. Typical processes and products of a titanium beach-sand mining and beneficiating operation (4).

Beach sand Slag Rutiles Synthetic mtiles ... 

More than 20 different forms of silica exist, because the bonds and lone pairs around the oxygen atoms can be arranged in various ways. Each arrangement creates a different stmctural form for the silica network. Quartz, the most common form of silica, is found in granite, sandstone, and beach sand. 

Suppose we obtain a sample of beach sand. From 5.3.3., we can see that the particles are liable to range from about 8p to 2400 p. In order to generate a PSD, we must separate the particles. One way we ceui separate such particles is by seiving them. But we find that selves are only available in certain sizes, as shown in the following ... 

The electrostatic separation method is the exclusive choice in some specific situations, for example in the cases of rutile and ilmenite deposits. These deposits generally contain minerals of similar specific gravities and similar surface properties so that processes such as flotation are unsuitable for concentration. The major application of electrostatic separation is in the processing of beach sands and alluvial deposits containing titanium minerals. Almost all the beach sand plants in the world use electrostatic separation to separate rutile and ilmenite from zircon and monazite. In this context the flowsheet given later (see Figure 2.35 A) may be referred to. Electrostatic separation is also used with regard to a number of other minerals. Some reported commercial separations include those of cassiterite from scheelite, wolframite from quartz, cassiterite from columbite, feldspar from quartz and mica, and diamond from heavy associated minerals. Electrostatic separation is also used in industrial waste recovery. 

This section on flowsheets basically aims to provide some illustrative examples of the use of the various mineral processing unit operations that have been described. A general flowsheet involving almost all the unit operations pertinent to mineral processing is shown in Figure 2.32. The others refer specifically to beach sands, lead-zinc concentration, molybdenum, and the rare earths. 

Figure 2.33 (A) A simplified flowsheet of beach sand processing ...

To get a composite of all the beach sand in the United States, Patterson wrote post offices every 30 miles along the East and Southern coasts. Enclosing bags and directions, he asked them to collect one and one-half pounds of sand and send it to Cal Tech. He and Laurie, together with their children, piled into a car and one summer drove from Baja to Vancouver Island collecting sand from the West Coast. 

ABSTRACT A geochemical analysis of major, trace and rare earth elements was carried out in beach sands collected from the Northeastern coast of Mexico in order to observe the spatial trends along three different beaches. Results show that major elements patterns along the beaches are controlled by heavy minerals and plutonic and sedimentary input towards the coast. In addition, trace elements tendencies indicate that the beach sands are influenced by the presence of magnetite. Finally, the differences in Eu anomalies indicate a mix of felsic to mafic and intermediate rocks and feldspar weathering. 

Carranza-Edwards, A., Rosales-Hoz, L., Santiago-Perez, S. 1994. Provenance memories and maturity of holocene sands in Northwest Mexico. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 31, 1550-1556. Carranza-Edwards, A., Bocanegra-Garcia, G., Rosales-Hoz, L. De Pablo GalAn, L. 1998. Beach sands from Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Sedimentary Geology, 119, 263-274. 

In conclusion, it can be noted that the effect of pH on flotation of beach sand minerals is critical in selective flotation of monazite from other minerals. 

Effect of sodium silicate on monazite flotation from Kerala and Chennai beach sand (India)... 

Effect of different collectors on monazite flotation from the Chennai beach sand... 

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