Breakwaters engineering

The civil engineering market for scrap tires encompasses several distinct uses. Whole tires have been used to constmct retaining walls and crash barriers. One pubhcized use is the constmction of houses and at least one motel (7). Whole tires have been used in erosion control, and to constmct breakwaters and artificial reefs. 

Army Corps of Engineers and were found to be effective on small-scale waves. It was recognized at the outset that this application would never use a great number of scrap tires, but tires perform well in applications where floats are needed. Scrap tires for breakwaters and floats are filled with material, usually foam, which displaces 200 pounds of water and can be used to float a number of devices such as marinas and docks and serve as small breakwaters. 

Historically the method of choice to protect the shoreline has been to use engineering, armoring the beaches against the wind and water of the angry sea. The methods of armoring were to build parallel seawalls, bulkheads, revetments, and offshore breakwaters. Groins and jetties were built perpendicular to the beach. 

Coastal Engineering. The movement of water in oceans and lakes has erosive effects on their shorelines. The preservation of wetland for flood mitigation or marine ecology requires the knowledge of such effects. Use of artificial barriers such as breakwaters or dikes at a shore or a harbor can result in reducing the water wave level within protected areas, eliminate or reduce the effects of shoreline erosion, and redirect natural sediment so that new land can be created over time. 

Seabrook, S. Hall, K. 1998. Wave transmission at submerged rubble-mound breakwaters, hr Proceedings of the 26th Coastal Engineering Conference (ASCE, Copenhagen, Denmark), 2000-2013. 

Judson, W.V. (1909). Concrete-steel caissons Their development and use for breakwaters, piers and revetments. Journal of the Western Society of Engineers 14(8) 533-608. 

Rousseau became head of the Departments Building Construction, Motive Power and Machinery, and of Municipal Engineering, with more than 10,000 employees under him. From 1908 he served as assistant to the chief until the Canal was completed in 1914. In addition to his other work, he was given charge in 1911 to design and build the canal terminals, with the dry docks, ship repair, piers, breakwaters, among others. Goethals noted Rousseau was indispensable to the canal work , so that he remained there until these works were completed. 

Feekes. P.G. and Peele. A.B. 1981. Some preliminary censiderations on the selectien and durability of rock and concrete materials for breakwaters and ceastal protectien werks. Quarterly Journal Engineering Geology, 14. 97-128. 

Hard Coastal Engineering Use of conventional tools and hard structures, including groins, seawalls, and breakwaters, to mitigate coastal erosion and flooding. 

The design of coastal structures such as breakwaters, jetties, and groins against waves is typically based on considering the effect of breaking waves and their associated forces, and is well established. Unlike coastal structures, the evaluation of tsunami-induced hydrodynamic forces on structures used for habitation and/or economic activity, received little attention by researchers and engineers. 

There are several reasons which might lead the engineer and other decision-makers in practice to use sand instead of conventional quarry run for the core of rubble mound breakwaters and structures, including among others ... 

T. L. Andersen and H. F. Burcharth, Overtopping and rear slope stability of reshaping and non-reshaping berm breakwaters, Proc. 29th Int. Conf. Coastal Engineering, Lisbon (2004). 

A. Brebner and D. Donnelly, Laboratory study of rubble foundations for vertical breakwaters, Proc 8th Int. Conf. Coastal Engineering, New Mexico City, ASCE (1962), pp. 406-429. 

R. Ushijima, R. Mizuno and T. Imoto, Laboratory stability test of foot-protection blocks for upright section of composite breakwaters, Rept. of Civil Engineering Research Institute, Hokkaido Development Bureau, No. 424 (1988), pp. 1-14 (in Japanese). 

S. L. Xie, Scouring patterns in front of vertical breakwaters and their influence on the stabihty of foundation of breakwaters, Rept. of Department of Civil Engineering, Delft University of Technolgy (1981), 61 pp. 

H. Oumeraci, Review and analysis of vertical breakwater failures — Lessons learned. Special issue on vertical breakwaters. Coastal Engineering 22, 3-29 (1994). 

L. Franco, Vertical breakwaters The Italian experience. Special Issue on vertical breakwaters. Coasted Engineering 22, 31-55 (1994). 

J. W. van der Meer, Deterministic and probabilistic design of breakwater armor layers, Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers, J. Waterways, Coastal Ocean Eng. 114(1), 66-80 (1988). 

T. Takayama, S. Ikesue and K. Shimosako, Effect of directional occurrence distribution of extreme waves on composite breakwater reliability in sliding failure, Proc. 27th Int. Conf. Coastal Engineering (ASCE, 2000), pp. 1738-1750. 

Y. Goda and H. Takagi, A reliability design method for caisson breakwaters with optimal wave heights. Coastal Engineering 42(4), 357-387 (2000). 

The basic tools of the coastal engineering are still fairly limited and comprise cross-shore structures (such as groins, jetties spurs, etc.) shore-parallel structures (offshore breakwaters, seawalls, revetments generally close to shoreline), and dikes, headland structmes, and artificial beach nourishment (see Fig. 20.2). 

W. R. Dally and J. Pope, Detached breakwaters for shore protection. Technical report CERC-86-1, U.S. Army Engineer WES, Vicksburg, MS (1986). 

A. Sanchez-Arcilla, F. Rivero, X. Gironella, D. Verges and M. Tome, Vertical circulation induced by a submerged breakwater, 26th Coastal Engineering, Copenhagen (1998). 

US Army Corps, Engineering design guidance for detached breakwaters as shoreline stabilization structures, WES, Technical Report CERC-93-19, December 1993. 

C. Vidal, M. A. Losada, R. Medina, E. P. D. Mansard and G. Gomez-Pina, A universal analysis for the stability of both low-crested and submerged breakwaters, 23rd Coastal Engineering, Venice (1992). 

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