Brain trace elements

Ebadi M, Iversen PL, Hao R, Cerutis DR, Rojas P, Happe HK, Murrin LC, Pfeiffer RF (1995) Expression and regulation of brain meteillothionein. Neurochem Int 27 1-22 Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR, Alauddin M, Hosstiin Tl, Brubtiker EH (1986) Brain trace elements in Alzheimer s disease. Neuiotoxicology 7 195-206 Eide DJ (1998) The molecular biology of metal ion transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu Rev Nutr 18 441-469... 

Saito K, Watanabe S, Itoh Tand Saito T (1993a) Changes in brain trace element concentration by aging. In Trace Elements in Man and Animals -TEMA 8, pp. 967-970. Verlag Media Touristik Gersdorf, Germany. 

Thompson, C.M., Markesbery, W.R., Ehmann, W.D., Mao, Y-X. and Vance, D.E. (1988) Regional brain trace-element studies in Alzheimers disease. Neurotoxicol., 9,1-8. 

Saito,T, and Saito, K. (1996). Simultaneous multi-determination of brain trace element concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 178(1),... 

Probably the most effective use of XRF and TXRF continues to be in the analysis of samples of biological origin. For instance, TXRF has been used without a significant amount of sample preparation to determine the metal cofactors in enzyme complexes [86]. The protein content in a number of enzymes has been deduced through a TXRF of the sulfur content of the component methionine and cysteine [87]. It was found that for enzymes with low molecular weights and minor amounts of buffer components that a reliable determination of sulfur was possible. In other works, TXRF was used to determine trace elements in serum and homogenized brain samples [88], selenium and other trace elements in serum and urine [89], lead in whole human blood [90], and the Zn/Cu ratio in serum as a means to aid cancer diagnosis [91]. 

Microdialysis to monitor the chemistry of extracellular space in human tissue is a challenging technique that has been applied in the neurosciences to measure neurochemical composition in vivo.104 Microdialysis coupled online with in-tube solid phase extraction (SPE) and ICP-MS has been developed by Sun et al.105 for the in vivo determination of several trace metals in order to study the transfer kinetics of trace elements in brain extracellular fluid. 

Strong et al. 1996). Studies in these animals indicate that exposure to aluminum can affect permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and glucose metabolism, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements (e.g., iron) because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. Signal pathways are important in all cells and control differentiation and proliferation, neurotransmitter release,... 

Copper is an essential trace element absorbed in the gut and transported to the liver bound to albumin. It is found in a variety of enzymes, including superoxide dismutase. In the bloodstream Cu is present mostly in ceruloplasmin. Tissues with a relatively high content of Cu are liver, heart, and brain. The RDA for Cu in normal, healthy adults is 0.9 mg day-1, but newborns usually have liver levels higher than those of adults. The concentration of Cu in mature milk ranges between 0.2 and 0.3 mg l-1 in colostrum it is higher (0.4-0.6 mg l-1), but decreases along the lactation period (see the Chapter 13 by de la Flor St Remy et al.). 

Andrasi E, Nadasdi J, MolnarZ, BezurL, Ernyei L (1990) Determination of main and trace element contents in human brain by NAA and ICP-AES methods. Biol Trace Elem Res 26-27 691-698 Andrasi E, Suhajda M, Saray 1, Bezur L, Ernyei L, Reffy A (1993) Concentration of elements in human brain glioblastoma multiforme. Sci Total Environ 139-140 399-402 Andrews GK (2001) Cellular zinc sensors MTF-1 regulation of gene expression. Biometals 14 223-237... 

Backstrom JR, Miller CA, Tokes ZA (1992) Characterization of neutral proteinases from Alzheimer-affected and control brain specimens identification of calcium-dependent metal-loproteinases from the hippocampus. J Neurochem 58 983-992 Basun H, Forssell LG, Wetterberg L, Winblad B (1991) Metals and trace elements in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer s disease. J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 3 231-258... 

Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, GaskeU PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA (1993) Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer s disease in late onset families. Science 261 921-923 Cornett CR, Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD (1998) Imbalances of trace elements related to oxidative damage in Alzheimer s disease brain. Neurotoxicology 19 339-345 Corrigan FM, Reynolds GP, Ward NI (1993) Hippocampal tin, aluminum and zinc in Alzheimer s disease. Biometals 6 149-154... 

Richarz, A.-N., Bratter, P. Speciation analysis of trace elements in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer s disease with special emphasis on metallothioneins. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372, 412-417 (2002)... 

Boron is an essential trace element for plants and is beneficial for animals and humans. Dietary boron obviously plays a role in immune functions. Among the best-known natural boron-containing compounds are polyketide antibiotics such as boromycin, aplasmomycins, borophycin and tatrolons. Attempts are underway to incorporate boron into different biologically active molecules, particularly for medicinal application, e.g. for boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors. Some boron-containing biomolecules may apparently act as signaling molecules that interact with cell surfaces. 

Markesbery, WR University of Kentucky Lexington, KY Oxidative, antioxidant and trace element studies in the alzheimer s brain. National Institute on Aging... 

Knowledge of trace element levels in the brain may be useful as a diagnostic aid for AD. The concentrations of silver in brain tissue in diseased and in control (C) individuals,... 

Trace Elements in Medicine 4 178-178,1987 Emard JF, Andre P, Thouez J-P, et al Geographical distribution of Alzheimer s disease cases at birth and the geochemical profile of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean/Quebec, Canada (image project). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 72 251-264, 1994 Flaten TP Aluminium as a risk factor in Alzheimer s disease, with emphasis on drinking water. Brain Res Bull 55 187-196, 2001... 

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