Bout duration

Figure 4. Ten bouts of high intensity cycle exercise, each with a duration of 6 sec and with 30 sec rest periods between bouts were performed on a given day. The entire exercise protocol was performed on four separate days by each subject (n = 8), before and after placebo and creatine supplementation. Mean power output was 882 watts. Upper panels (A1 and B1) demonstrate mean revolutions per min during the 0-4 sec period of each bout and the lower panel (A2 and B2) during 4-6 sec of each bout. The left panels (A1 and A2) show results before (o) and after (x) placebo and the right panels (B1 and B2) before (o) and after (x) creatine supplementation. The study was performed in a double blind manner.

The operational variants in tongue movement so far detected, are a simple extension/retraction and oscillations — occurring singly or as multiple bouts Fig. 7.3(a) the latter type can be divided into those with slow motion and those of normal duration (Toubeau, 1994). 

The determinants of F. have been subject to experimentation mostly in field and captive studies of ungulates. These support the expected association between the frequency and occurrence of Flehmen and the seasonality of reproduction. The elicitation of F. can also depend upon the social context presentation of urine or other stimuli alone may not produce consistent displays. When conspecific urine was tested out of context (i.e. no female present) in male Black-tailed deer, there was no discrimination between urine from individual adult males or between urine from estrous/non-estrous females (Altieri, 1980). Correlation of male endocrine status in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) showed that the elevation of testosterone during rut and the duration of F. elicited by female urine was coincident F. bouts during rat were twice as long following exposure to adult female urine as to that of immature females (Mossing and Damber, 1981). 

A 61-year-old female has intermittent bouts of chest pain on exertion of two months duration, associated with numbness and tingling in the fourth and fifth fingers of her left hand An EKG is normal She is placed on propranolol, which relieves her symptoms. What cardiovascular effect did the drug have ... 

During NCR a clear reduction of IMCL in both muscles was observed (about 20%, spectra not shown), which was even more prominent after M (about 50-60%, Fig. 28a). In contrast to this, IMCL were nearly unchanged after HM (Fig. 28b). The mean reduction of IMCL in all subjects is given in Fig. 28c. The studies show that decline of IMCL levels depends on exercise intensity, as a marked decrease in IMCL after exercise of similar duration is only observable at lower aerobic workloads (NCR vs. HM). IMCL reduction also depends on exercise duration, as shown by the greater decline after the marathon run (M = 225 min) compared to the non-competitive exercise bout (NCR =106 min). 

A tic is a sudden, repetitive movement, gesture, or utterance that typically mimics some fragment of normal behavior. Tics are perhaps best seen as motor primitives that normally are used to construct voluntary movement and vocalizations but that are misplaced in context. Usually of brief duration, individual tics rarely last more than a second. Tics tend to occur in bouts... 

Figure 2 Mean PVT reaction times (log msec sem) across 40 hr of total sleep deprivation. Data from the first 10 min of a 20-min visual PVT performance bout—high workload—are represented by the closed squares data from the entire duration of a 10-min visual PVT performance bout—low workload—are represented by the open squares. The reaction time data (log transformed) were compared between the two groups using a mixed-model (workload by time awake) ANOVA. Reaction times during the first 10 min of the high-workload performance tests were significantly higher than those in the low-workload performance tests (F9 456 = 19.87, p <. 001). In addition, a decrease in reaction times across the 40 hr of wakefulness was evident in both workload groups (F9>456 = 2.17, p < 0.003). (From Doran et al., 2000.)...

The average newborn sleeps about 16 out of every 24 hr in bouts of 1 4 hr (7). Sleep decreases to about 13 hr at 1 year and consists of nocturnal sleep plus two daytime naps. By 4-5 years old, most children have given up naps and spend at least 10 hr asleep at night (8). We believe that older children and adolescents need at least 9 hr of sleep, although most obtain far less than that amount. These familiar generalizations about changes in sleep duration across age are based on studies in both naturalistic settings and the laboratory. Rarely, however, is the construct of sleep need addressed directly and we must be careful not to confuse usual sleep duration with sleep need. 

The aforementioned findings in rodents mirror results observed in dogs subjected to cardiac arrest with subsequent postischemic mild hypothermia of 1- to 12-h duration (38-44). For example, a 12-h period of 34°C hypothermia with hemodilution and elevated blood pressure reduced brain injury (e.g., hippocampus, neocortex, basal ganglia) and lessened functional deficits after cardiac arrest. However, in all of these studies the survival time was 4 d or less, and thus it has yet to be proven that postischemic hypothermia can permanently reduce ischemic brain injury in the dog. Based on the rodent literature, it would be useful to investigate more protracted bouts of mild hypothermia and assess longterm outcome in this intensive cardiac arrest model in the dog. 

Cooper et al. (1990c) tested not only food consumption but also the frequency of feeding bouts and duration of individual feeding episodes. 

Several Important training variables are known to Influence the magnitude of the biochemical response. These Include the duration of the training program, the Intensity of the exercise effort, the duration of each exercise bout (mlnutes/day), and the frequency of exercise (l.e., days/week). 

Cluster headaches may be treated with a 5HTj-receptor agonist, e.g. sumatriptan, as for migraine. Since bouts of headache tend to be of limited duration, e.g. a few weeks, short courses of methysergide are justified in intractable cases. 

Sleep (Ar/AS) Number of brief arousals (>20 s in a 30-s period) occurring within AS, measured as frequency per hour of AS. (iii) Mean Bout Length of Active Sleep (ASBL) Mean duration in minutes of all bouts of AS in a recording, (iv) Mean Bout Length of Quiet Sleep (QSBL) Mean dura-... 

Chemosensory responses indicated by trunk interaction with the sample were recorded for all occurrences (Table 2). The sequence of behaviors for each bout was recorded, as was the duration of time spent at each sample. Separate bouts of chemosensory investigation were distinguished when the trunk tip was greater than 0.5 m distant from the sample for longer than 5 s. Each behavior required the trunk to touch the sample or to be within 0.5 m of it. 

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