Botany and Use

From the bark of the hemp stems, bast is obtained. The bast fibres are separated mechanically from the woody parts modern separation methods employ enzymes or steam pressure, surfactant or ultrasound processes. The best hemp fibres are obtained from the male plants being very durable. They are used for the manufacture of ropes, cords, nets, strings, yarn, carpets, textiles and sailcloth. The wood is used for the manufacture of insulating material, but it is also well suited for the production of paper, cardboard and cartons, since its lignin content amounts to only 10% (compared to 20-25% from trees). 

The oval fruited bodies, small smooth grey nuts, several millimetres in size and with a fat content of 30-35 %, are crushed and pressed for their oU. The greenish, medium dried hemp oil contains in its glycerides 46-70 % linoleic and 14-28 % linolenic acids. It finds use as edible oU, and serves as a substitute for linseed oil in paint. Apart from that, it is also used for the manufacture of margarine and soft green soap. 

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Kuhnlein, H. V. and N. J. Turner. 1991. Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples. Nutrition, Botany and Use. Gordon and Breach Sci. Publ. Philadelphia, PA. 

Byers, R.E. (2003). Flower and fruit thinning , in Ferree D.C. and Robinson T.L. Apple Botany, Production and Uses, CABI Publishing, Oxon and Cambridge, MA, 409-436. 

Watkins, C.B. (2003). Principles and practices of postharvest handling and stress , in FerreeD.C. and Warrington I.J., Apples Botany, Production, and Uses, CABI Pubhshing, Oxon and Cambridge, MA, 585-614. 

The Academie Royale des Sciences, first established in 1666, set up six sections in 1699 geometry, mechanics, astronomy, chemistry, botany, and anatomy. Lavoisier, as a member of the chemistry section, helped create a seventh section, "physique generate," in 1785. Previously, "physique" might be used as an umbrella term for the sciences now it was a separate science. 31... 

In the first book dedicated to this subject, D.M. Turner discusses Salvia divinorum s botany, history and use by Mazatec Indian shamans in Oaxaca the discovery by western researchers and subsequent experiments that yielded salvinorin A methods for using both the extract and whole plant material, and descriptions of Salvia divinonim s unique effects. 

Sir William Brooke O Shaughnessy introduced Indian hemp to the West in 1839. William Brooke O Shaughnessy entered the service of the East India Company in 1833 as assistant surgeon. He studied the botany and chemistry of herbs used in oriental medicine and incorporated some into his edition of the Bengal Pharmacopoeia published in 1842. One of these herbs was cannabis, or Indian hemp. His medical treatise recommended an extract from the plant for patients with rabies, cholera, tetanus, and infantile convulsions. Until the end of the 19th century prominent physicians of Europe and North America advocated cannabis extracts for the prevention and symptomatic treatment of migraine headache. 

Fascinating... consumer-oriented exposition details history, botany, synthesis, and use of LSD, pot, cactus, mushrooms, street, and ceremonial drugs popular in the 60s."... 

Use of this commonly available substance as an inebrient has continued into this century. "Confirmed reports of its use by students, prisoners, sailors, alcoholics, marijuana-smokers and others deprived of their preferred drugs, write Schultes and Hofmann in The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens, "are many and clear. Especially frequent is the taking of nutmeg in prisons, notwithstanding the usual denials of prison officials. ... 

The papers published on the chemistry of Cannabis constituents up to 1970 have been summarized by two authors,and an extensive treatment of its botany and chemistry is available as a book. The field is still plagued by the differences in numbering systems which are used in this review the mono-terpene type [as shown in A -tetrahydrocannabinol (332), = A THC] is employed, since it can be used for all cannabinoids, and is immediately comprehensible to anyone familiar with the chemistry of monoterpenes. ... 

Li, H. L. Origin and use of cannabis in eastern Asia Linguistic-cultural implications. Economic Botany, 1974, 28, 293-301. 

In 1896, the U. S. Department of Agriculture published a 433-page Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin entitled The Cotton Plant Its History, Botany, Chemistry, Culture, Enemies, and Uses (103), which is packed with interesting summaries of historical information, including a 62-page chapter on Chemistry of Cotton. The material presented is well documented with references up to that time. The historical review by R. B. Handy is especially worthy of notice. 

The most recent general reference on ramie is Luniak s book in German published in 1949 (159). History, nomenclature, botany, production, processing, and manufacture are treated in the first part and the properties and uses in the second part. The latter includes chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the fiber including optical and... 

Botani and Compara were both administered once daily for 8 weeks. There was a run-in period and follow-up phase. Data from Phase 2 dose-response studies were available. The E-R relationship was characterized in two Phase 2 clinical trials with the daily doses of 0, 3,7.5,15, 30, 60,120, and 240mg. Percent change of plasma R from baseline (AR%) was used as a PD clinical endpoint. 

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