Vector boson

Finally it is clear that the vector bosons have a mass k, which is a characteristic feature of the Higgs phenomenon. 

The extension of U(l) x SU(2) electroweak theory to SU(2) x SU(2) elec-troweak theory succeeds in describing the empirically measured masses of the weakly interacting vector bosons, and predicts a novel massive boson that was been detected in 1999 [92]. The SU(2) x SU(2) theory is developed initially with one Higgs field for both parts of the twisted bundle [93], and is further developed later in this section. 

The second Higgs field acts in such a way that if the vacuum expectation value is zero, ( ) = 0, then the symmetry breaking mechanism effectively collapses to the Higgs mechanism of the standard SU(2) x U(l) electroweak theory. The result is a vector electromagnetic gauge theory 0(3)/> and a broken chiral SU(2) weak interaction theory. The mass of the vector boson sector is in the A(3) boson plus the W and Z° particles. 

Cline, D.B, C RliLibia, and S. van tier Meer The Search for Intermediate Vector Bosons. (March 1982). A classic reference in The Laureates Anthology, 133, Scientific American. Inc., New York, NY, 1990. 

P. Gueret, J. P. Vigier, and W. Tait, A symmetry scheme for hadrons, leptons and Intermediate vector bosons, Nuovo Cimento A 17A(4), 663-680 (1973). 

What has been presented is an outline of an SU(2) x SU(2) electroweak theory that can give rise to the non-Abelian 0(3)b theory of quantum electrodynamics on the physical vacuum. The details of the fermions and their masses has yet to be worked through, as well as the mass of the A boson. This vector boson as well as the additional fermions should be observable within the 10-Tev range of energy. This may be accessible by the CERN Large Hadron Collider in the near future. 

If we consider non-Abelian electromagnetism, we have a situation where the vector potential component A3, vanish and where A(11= A, . The annulment of the components A3, has been studied in the context of the unification of non-Abelian electromagnetism and weak interactions, where on the physical vacuum of the broken symmetry SU(2) x SU(2) the vector boson corresponding to A3, is very massive and vanishes on low-energy scales. This means that the 3-component of the magnetic field is then... 

The total Lagrangian X = JS G + JS D + JS , then involves the interaction between fermions and the gauge field. The Dirac field will be generically considered to be the electron and the gauge theory will be considered to be the non-Abelian electromagnetic field. The theory then describes the interaction between electrons and photons. A gauge theory involves the conveyance of momentum form one particle (electron) to another by the virtual creation and destruction of a vector boson (photon) that couples to the two electrons. The process can be diagrammatically represented as... 

This analysis leads to the deduction of the existence of a massive vector boson held that is formally expressed as the dual of the Maxwell held and has been shown to be connected to the Maxwell held. Here, the massive vector boson is to be interpreted as nonzero mass of photon. 

In the conventional formalism, as the p term does not appear, B L Jo. Now, in Roscoe s framework, as p 0, B is not perpendicular to the current flow, and therefore has a component in the direction of the current flow. It has been shown that the magnetization effects similar to the inverse Faraday effect (IFF) can be expected for appropriate polarization states of the transmitted radiation. Moreover, a massive vector boson can be constructed from the electromagnetic field so that it can be interpreted only as a nonzero mass photon. Here, the model suggested for photon can be interpreted as a bound system with discrete mass and frequency states. This may have important role in explaining redshift phenomena. 

Weak nuclear — — Vector boson 1CT5 lCT18m... 

Entities that move in the interface are achiral and massless. A virtual photon consists of a virtual particle/anti-particle pair. The vector bosons that mediate the weak interaction are massive and unlike photons, distinct from their anti-particles. The weak interaction therefore has reflection symmetry only across the vacuum interface and hence /3-decay violates parity conservation. 

We know from the standard model of elementary particle physics [116] that there is a tiny weak interaction contribution to every Coulomb interaction. For ordinary matter, where particle interconversion can be ignored, weak interactions due to exchange of neutral Z vector bosons are involved. Unlike the Coulomb interaction, the (neutral and charged variants of) weak interactions do not conserve parity. This leads, in consequence, to a very small energy difference between mirror-image molecules (enantiomers), which in turn might prove to be of importance for the development of a homochiral biochemistry on our planet [117]. 

The electron (e), the muon (/i) and the tauon (r) are electric charge carrying members of the leptons, while their corresponding neutrinos and are electrically neutral. The charged leptons together with the quarks can interact with each other via exchange of a massless vector boson, the photon (7), which is the carrier of the electromagnetic interaction. 

Therefore, one obtains the scalar Higgs boson (0) with the mass term /—/ , three massive vector bosons and with the masses... 

Three-dimensional problems can also be addressed within the framework of the intensive boson operators method, by simply introducing, in place of the scalar quantities a and jS of Eq. (5.6), two (complex) scalars and two vectors associated with the scalar and vector boson operators of U(4), respectively. In this way it is possible to obtain the classical limit of... 

The weak interaction, some lO times weaker than the electrom neUc interaction, occurs between "leptons and in the decay of hadrons. It is responsible for the "beta decay of particles and nuclei. In the current model, the weak interaction is visualized as a force mediated by the exchange of virtual particles, called intermediate vector bosons. The weak interactions are described by "electro-weak theory, which unifies them with the electromagnetic interactions. 

In gauge theories the interactions between particles can be explained by the exchange of particles (intermediate vector bosons, or gauge bosons), such as gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons. 

---