Interaction electro weak

In order to make this consistent with the SU(2) x (7(1) electro weak interaction [4], theory we initially require that A3 = 0 everywhere on scales larger than at unification. If this were nonzero, then Zo would have a larger mass or there would be an additional massive boson along with the Zo neutral boson. The first case is not been observed, and the second case is to be determined. This assumption, while ad hoc at this point, is made to restrict this gauge freedom and will be relaxed later in a more complete discussion of the 3-photon. This condition is relaxed in the following discussion or chiral and vector fields. This leads to the standard result that the mass of the photon is zero and that the mass of the Zq particle is... 

However, other non-electromagnetic effects also influence the electronic structure. Examples are isotope shifts or electro-weak interactions, that lead to parity nonconservation. The latter result from the motion of a nucleus (in an atom relative to the center of mass) and yield a dependence of energy levels on the nuclear mass (and on the finite size of the nucleus, as we have already discussed in chapters 6 and 9). The energy levels are thus shifted, while the electromagnetic perturbations result in a splitting of these levels. 

Neutron and quark stars are natural laboratories to investigate the interplay of strong, electro-weak and gravitational interaction. Many theoretically determined properties of these astrophysical objects were tested by the observed properties of pulsars, and detailed calculations exist for these stars[ 1 —4. ... 

As this concerns the nature of non-Abelian electrodynamics, we will pursue the matter of a GUT that incorporates non-Abelian electrodynamics. This GUT will be an 50(10) theory as outlined above. We have that an extended electro-weak theory that encompasses non-Abelian electrodynamics is spin(4) = 51/(2) x 517(2). This in turn can be embedded into a larger 50(10) algebra with spin(6) = 517(4). 50(10) may be decomposed into 517(2) x 517(2) x 517(4). This permits the embedding of the extended electro weak theory with 517(4), which may contain the nuclear interactions as 517(4) 51/(3) x 1/(1). In the following paragraphs we will discuss the nature of this gauge theory and illustrate some basic results and predictions on how nature should appear. We will also discuss the nature of fermion fields in an 517(2) x 51/(2) x 51/(4) theory. 

Note that n — N/2 corresponds to the independent particle model analogous to the celebrated Hartree-Fock equations in atomic and molecular physics. We also observe that the fundamental interaction mentioned above is unitarily connected with the electromagnetic interactions between the particle m0 and the antiparticle —m0. Since we do not make any distinctions between the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equation, we are not able here to integrate the electro-weak theory although in principle this should be possible. 

It is not yet certain whether SUSY represents indeed a symmetry seen in nature. Since in what is known as the standard model, a rigorous SUSY does not appear, it is believed that SUSY (if it exists at all) is broken." If it would appear that SUSY exists for very high energies, this wotrld be very important for rmification of the electro-weak and strong interactions in physics. 

The weak interaction, some lO times weaker than the electrom neUc interaction, occurs between "leptons and in the decay of hadrons. It is responsible for the "beta decay of particles and nuclei. In the current model, the weak interaction is visualized as a force mediated by the exchange of virtual particles, called intermediate vector bosons. The weak interactions are described by "electro-weak theory, which unifies them with the electromagnetic interactions. 

An experimental set-up similar to the one used in polarization spectroscopy is employed in experiments testing atomic manifestations of parity violation in the electro-wealc interaction. [9.359-9.361]. The experiments are important for testing the Standard Model hi elementary particle physics. Right-left asymmetries in atomic physics are of the order of 1 10 . A small optical rotation detectable using crossed polarizers is induced by interference between neutral weak and electromagnetic interactions in atoms. The most accurate experiments deal with heavy elements such as mercury, thalhum, lead and bismuth [9.362, 9.363]. Another way of probing the parity violation is to observe the strength of certain forbidden transitions, notably the 7 —... 

The classical cholesteric phase materials show only a weak anisotropic interaction with electric fields and hence are of limited use in electro-optical response applications. Cholesteric phases for these outlets are consequently produced by adding chiral dopants to nematic liquid crystals. 

The calculation of the electro-optical parameters describing Raman intensities is not yet very advanced, because of the paucity of data. Nevertheless, some success was achieved in calculations of the intensity of infrared absorption. The results on trans and gauche bond-rotation in ethylene glycol146 could be taken as a model for carbohydrates. Indeed, similar electro-optical parameters (/aCH, /aOH, /aCC, and /aCO) were calculated. This leads to the expectation that calculations of the intensity of the vibrational spectra of carbohydrates may be accomplished in the near future. In addition, the delicate problem of accounting for molecular interactions in calculating infrared intensities could be approached as it was for v(CCC) and i CO) vibrations in acetone.149 This will allow interpretation of weak, as well as strong, i.r. bands, in order to determine the structural properties of molecules. 

One of the earliest studies of Au nanowire (diameter 8 nm) fabricated by electrodeposition in a 5 pm thick etched track mica was reported in 1986 [26]. Effect of weak-localization and electron-electron interaction was studied down to 0.3 K. However, in the last decade especially in the last 5 years the field of electro-deposited nanowires in templates has been intensively investigated [27]. The application of such metallic nanowires in magnetism has been reviewed [28]. 

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