Empirical Support

Subsequently, several authors have tested SRT, either alone or as one component in multifactorial interventions. The majority of the studies evaluating SRT alone have focused on elderly populations. As sleep becomes fragmented, daytime alertness is reduced, and insomnia vulnerability increases with aging. Older adults often spend more time in bed to cope with these changes. Although this response is adaptive in the short term, it may also perpetuate/exacerbate sleep difficulties. The use of SRT is, therefore, very relevant for this segment of the pop- 

Two meta-analyses on the efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia have shown that SRT produces, along with stimulus control therapy, among the largest effect sizes on sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset variables (3,4). However, SRT alone has been evaluated in significantly fewer studies than other interventions. Furthermore, results from meta-analyses have also shown that SRT produces a reduction of TST, particularly at posttreatment, with a rebound/gain at short-term follow-ups. Three treatment studies of late-life insomnia have directly compared the relative efficacy of SRT to other nonphar- 

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The general qualitative agreement with experiment provides support for the theory that the potential barriers to internal rotation result from the interaction of adjacent hybrid bond orbitals with a small amount of / character. The magnitude of the potential barriers, about 4 per cent of the energy of the axial bond in case that there are three interacting bonds on each of the two atoms and proportionately less for a smaller number of bonds, is also reasonable. A detailed quantum-mechanical treatment of restricted rotation carried out along the lines sketched here should yield results that would permit a detailed test of the theory to be made in the meantime I believe that the above simple treatment and the extensive empirical support of the theory provide justification for it. 

Nearly all the personality disorders are defined in a manner that should facilitate taxometric evaluation. This is noteworthy because there is a general lack of empirical support for the validity of personality disorder diagnoses, along with considerable controversy about the dimensional nature of personality and personality disorders (Clark, Livesley, Morey, 1997 Clark Watson, 1999 Widiger Frances, 2002). As a result, we expect taxometric investigations to be particularly fruitful in this area. 

The American Psychological Association (APA) has established stringent criteria for determining whether a therapy is empirically supported or validated. Since those guidelines were developed, the committee researching this area has been working for several years to determine the best practices to use when treating certain disorders, such as depression or anxiety. Insurance companies and... 

A major fallacy is made when observations obeying a known physical law are subjected to trend-oriented tests, but without allowing for a specific behaviour predicted by the law in certain sub-domains of the observation set. This can be seen in Table 11 where a partial set of classical cathode polarization data has been reconstructed from a current versus total polarization graph [28], If all data pairs were equally treated, rank distribution analysis would lead to an erroneous conclusion, inasmuch as the (admittedly short) limiting-current plateau for cupric ion discharge, albeit included in the data, would be ignored. Along this plateau, the independence of current from polarization potential follows directly from the theory of natural convection at a flat plate, with ample empirical support from electrochemical mass transport experiments. 

As a general rule, it is always best to use the simplest, least risky, and most cost-effective treatment intervention available within a stages-of-treatment model that addresses selection of initial treatment, the management of partial response, maintenance treatment, treatment resistance, and comorbidity. When the empirical literature and expert opinion agree regarding best practice—e.g. what treatment or combination of treatments will likely work best for most if not all patients—it usually is not acceptable to substitute a less for a more empirically supported treatment, as doing so would not... 

Barlow, D.H., Levitt, J.T., Bufka, L.F. (1999) The dissemination of empirically supported treatments a view to the future. Behav Res Ther 37 (Suppl 1) S147—162. 

Pelham, W.E., Jr., Wheeler, T, and Chronis, A. (1998) Empirically supported psychosocial treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. / Clin Child Psychol 27 190-205. 

Weisz, J.R., and Hawley, K.M. (1998) Finding, evaluating, refining, and applying empirically supported treatments for children and adolescents [comment] [see comments]. / Clin Child Psychol 27 206-216. 

Bipolar spectrum disorders are a serious group of conditions. Their onset in childhood or adolescence has the potential to exert a reactive impact on development, as well as on life in general. Accurate assessment of the bipolar symptoms and concomitant conditions is imperative to provide comprehensive treatment. Unfortunately, support for effective treatment in young people is limited, and to some extent, clinicians must proceed with treatment without the benefit of empirical support. 

Powers, S.W. (1999) Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology procedure-related pain. / Pediatr Psychol 24 131— 145. 

As for any difference between the rates of cocaine abuse in individuals on methadone and buprenorphine, there is a theoretical consideration that perhaps less cocaine use can be expected on the latter because of a reduced mutually reinforcing ( speedball ) effect with only partial opioid agonist activity, and some empirical support for this (Foltin Fischman 1996, Giacomuzzi et al. 2003). However, Schottenfeld et al. (2005) found superiority of methadone over buprenorphine in treatment retention and periods of abstinence in their cocaine-abusing opioid patients. 

The prediction of a heavy boson has received preliminary empirical support [92,96] from an anomaly in Z decay widths that points toward the existence of Z bosons with a mass of 812 GeV 1 33j [92,96] within the SO(l) grand unified field model, and a Higgs mechanism of 145 GeV4gj3. This suggests that a new massive neutral boson has been detected. Analysis of the hadronic peak cross sections obtained at LEP [96] implies a small amount of missing invisible width in Z decays. The effective number of massless neutrinos is 2.985 0.008, which is below the prediction of 3 by the standard model of electroweak interactions. The weak charge Qw in atomic parity violation can be interpreted as a measurement of the S parameter. This indicates a new Qw = 72.06 0.44, which is found to be above the standard model pre-... 

Another controversial issue has been the amotivational syndrome supposedly caused by heavy, chronic marijuana use. This syndrome has been characterized by feelings of lethargy and apathy and an absence of goal-directed behavior.226,227 However, studies conducted in countries where segments of the population use marijuana heavily228-230 and laboratory-based studies in the U.S.231,232 have not found empirical support for an amotivational syndrome. 

The reasons for this are not clear (40). I5N-Labeling studies on the protonation reaction between HBr and Mo(N2)2(PPh3)(triphos)] show that the dinitrogen released in both fast and slow stages is formed without new N—N bonds being formed. These observations together with the prerequisite for a monotertiary phosphine and the stoichiometry of reaction (49) have been rationalized by an intramolecular redox reaction such as is represented by Scheme 13 (40). However, certain aspects of this Scheme have yet to find empirical support. 

In this paragraph wc will investigate the above statements of belief in terms of their theoretical and empirical support., A qualitative iceberg model will be described in order to distinguish near misses from actual accidents on one hand, and behavioural acts on the other. 

Baucom, D. H., Shoham, V., Mueser, K. T., Daiuto, A. D., Stickle, T. R. (1998). Empirically supported couple and family interventions for marital distress and adult mental health problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 53-88. 

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