Bone discolorization

Hypersensitivity Anaphylactoid purpura, anaphylaxis, angioneurotic edema, myocarditis, pericarditis, polyarthralgia, pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia, systemic lupus erythematous exacerbation, urticaria hypersensitivity syndrome (cutaneous reaction, eosinophilia, and one or more of the following Hepatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, pericarditis, fever, lymphadenopathy). Muscuioskeietai - ArVr ra g a, arthritis, bone discoloration, joint stiffness and swelling, myalgia, polyarthralgia. 

Antibacterials (streptomycin, Deposition in bones, discoloration of teeth,... 

Muscular hippotonia Deposition in bones Discoloration of teeth Inhibition of bone growth Eighth nerve damage (anemia)... 

Tetracycline Discolored teeth, enamel dysplasia, and bone growth disturbances in children... 

Bone. Although bone is a relatively inert tissue, it can accumulate such substances as tetracyclines, lead, strontium, and the antitumor agent cisplatin. These substances may accumulate in bone by absorption onto the bone crystal surface and eventually be incorporated into the crystal lattice. Tetracycline deposition during odontogenesis may lead to a permanent yellow-brown discoloration of teeth, dysplasia, and poor bone development. Lead can substitute for calcium in the bone crystal lattice, resulting in bone brittleness. Bone may become a reservoir for the slow release of toxic substances, such as lead and cisplatin. 

Tetracycline Discoloration and defects of teetii and altered bone growth... 

Fluoride ion, F", replaces hydroxide in the normal hydroxyapatite deposits in bone. This replacement causes a hardening of the teeth and protects them from decay. Too much fluoride will cause mottling (discoloration). Fluoride is toxic but is tied up preferentially in bone and once released has such a low solubility in water that it is not believed to reach toxic levels. 

Gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) may be a problem with tetracycline use. Hypersensitivity reactions (such as rashes) may also occur, as well as an increase in skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light (photosensitivity).16 Tetracyclines form chemical complexes with calcium that may impair the growth and development of calcified tissues such as bone and teeth, especially in children.69 Tetracyclines also cause discoloration of teeth in children and pregnant women, apparently because of the tetracycline-calcium interaction.69 As mentioned previously, development of tetracycline-resistant strains and resulting superinfections may be a serious problem during tetracycline therapy. 

Effects on calcified tissues Deposition in the bone and primary dentition occurs during calcification in growing children this causes discoloration and hypoplasia of the teeth and a temporary stunting of growth. 

The complexing of tetracyclines with calcium poses a problem in paediatric medicine. Discoloration of teeth results from the formation of a coloured complex with the calcium in the teeth the deposition of drug in the hones of growing hahies can lead to problems in bone formation. Table 10.4 reveals that there is no correlation between the binding capacity of a tetracycline with iron and that with calcium, suggesting different modes of complexation. The in vitro data are simpler to interpret the semm levels are the... 

Tetracyclines bind to teeth and bone. This may result in discoloration of the teeth and inhibition of bone growth in fetuses exposed in utero. Tooth discoloration may occur in young animals when tetracyclines are administered during permanent tooth development. 

Blood lead levels provide the best indicators of lead poisoning but do not reflect total body burden (Lee and Moore 1990). The inhibition of erythrocyte 8-aminolevulinic acid indicates lead exposure, but most centers still use blood lead levels for screening (Lee and Moore 1990 Roper et al. 1993 Schaffer and Campbell 1994). Zinc protoporphyrin indicates neurotoxicity from lead but does not have the sensitivity for assessing low levels of exposure (Anger and Johnson 1985 Royce and Needleman 1995). Radiological examination of the abdomen and long bones does not reliably portray exposure. The same holds true for the examination of red blood cells for basophilic stippling and the assay of hair and nail levels for lead (Roper et al. 1993). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend use of scarification of the forearm with 25% sodium sulfite solution to assess for black discoloration of skin, a procedure recommended in some sources. Medical centers perform an edetate disodium calcium provocative chelation test with urinalysis and complete blood... 

Polyneuritis, tremors, paresthesias of hands and feet, retrobulbar neuritis, painful extremities, cranial nerve palsies, optic neuropathy, flaccid paralysis, choreiform movements, myoclonic movements of head and extremities, sensory neuropathy, ascending weakness, optic neuritis and blindness, abnormal reflexes, Babinski s reflex, residual weakness, visual problems Skin eruptions, hepatorenal injury, bone marrow depression, alopecia, hypertension, achlorhydria, stomatitis, excessive salivation, gingival discoloration, tachycardia, arrhythmias, weakness... 

Oxytetracycline is contraindicated during the second half of pregnancy and in children under 8 years of age because of the risk of permanent discoloration of teeth, enamel defects, and retardation of bone growth. 

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