Bone bismuth

A powder which burns with a green flame is obtained by the addition of nitrate of baryta to chlorate of potash, nitrate of potash, acetate of copper. A white flame is made by the addition of sulfide of antimony, sulfide of arsenic, camphor. Red by the mixture of lampblack, coal, bone ash, mineral oxide of iron, nitrate of strontia, pumice stone, mica, oxide of cobalt. Blue with ivory, bismuth, alum, zinc, copper sulfate purified of its sea water [sic]. Yellow by amber, carbonate of soda, sulfate of soda, cinnabar. It is necessary in order to make the colors come out well to animate the combustion by adding chlorate of potash.15... 

More rarely use. as white, pigments is made of other substances, such as bismuth suhnitrate, antimony oxide and oxychloride. Many other white sulwtances insoluble iu water could 1m used similarly, such as kaolin, talc, silica, bone ash, etc.., but these an- not generally used as they are less suitable or less convenient than those indicated above, or they are only used in certain cases to mix with other colours. 

Arsenic add (seed crystals) P. 55 Arsenic trioxide P. 55 Barium carbonate P. 9, 22 Barium hydroxide P. 6 Barium nitrate P. 38 Barium peroxide P. 6, 9, 66, 72 Bismuth nitrate P. 60 Bleaching powder or calcium hypochlorite P. 31, 47 Bone ash P. 53... 

The ability of bismuth subnitrate to reduce specifically the toxicity of cisplatin and adriamycin was ascribed to the fact that bismuth induces metallothionein by Naganuma and coworkers and Boogaard and coworkers . Naganuma and coworkers also found that preinduction of metallothionein by oral administration of bismuth subnitrate significantly decreased the lethal toxicity, cardiotoxicity and bone-marrow toxicity observed with a single subcutaneous injection of adriamycin. 

The fact that much bismuth is ordinarily stored in the skeleton may be relevant in the etiology of bismuth osteoarthropathy. In two reported cases a differing type of osteopathy occurred, associated with different localization of the pathological lesions and with unusually high bismuth concentrations in the bone both patients had received bismuth injections for syphilis many months or even years before (SEDA-4,169). 

Bones are actually living protein networks to which minerals attach themselves. Not aU of the minerals deposited on bones are essential to bone building. There are at least two dozen elements in bones that have no known function in the human body, as well as a handful of nonessential elements, such as boron, strontium, silicon, barium, bismuth, and arsenic (yes, arsenic), that are believed to do some good. Five toxic elements—lead, cadmium, mercury, polonium, and radium—are often found in human bones. As long as they are stabilized in the bones, they do no apparent harm. 

Bismuth compounds are added more and more to special polymers for bone implants and dental prothetic devices in order to make them detectable to X-rays. Diagnostic devices for medical purpose have been using the bismuth-germanium oxide crystals to neutralize lethal gamma rays and improve overall imaging. Basic bismuth salicylate is used to impart a pearly surface to polystyrene and phenol-formaldehyde resins. 

The elimination kinetics of bismuth have been described as a three-compartment model with half-lives of 3.5 minutes, 0.25 hour, and 3.2 hours (Slikkerveer and de Wolff 1989). Biological half-times in human have also been reported whole body retention 5 days, kidney 6 days, liver 15 days, spleen 10 days, and bone 13.3 days (IRCP 1960, Fowler and Wouk 1986). 

There is approximately 16 and 200 ppb of bismuth in the blood and bones of a human body, respectively. 

Biphenol Bismuth Bone black Boron t-Butyl peroxymaleic acid Calcium dihydrogen pyrophosphate ... 

Lower levels were observed in treatments with bismuth subsalicylate (plasma levels <6 Xg/liter) [31,72], subgallate/nitrate (<60 xg/liter) [33], or subnitrate (<30 p.g/liter) [17,71,73]. Normal levels may be reached within 2-4 weeks but also months after the treatment was stopped [21,27,43]. Bone deposits contained between 15(X) and 6500 xg/kg caused by treatments with Bi salts for many years [54]. 

Phosphorus exists in three forms, white, red and black (violet). The white modification is a waxy solid, very toxic and inflammable. Heated to 300-400°C without contact with air, white is transformed to the non-toxic red phosphorus. If white or red phosphorus is heated to 200°C at a pressure of 12 000 bar (1200 MPa), black phosphorus is formed. Even at low pressure it can however be obtained if red or white is heated at 350°C together with bismuth or mercury. Once formed black phosphorus is stable from low temperatures up to about 400°C. White phosphorus is prepared commercially by heating calcium phosphate with quartz and coke in an electric furnace. Most of the phosphorus produced is converted to phosphoric acid for use in making fertilizer. The element is important in plant and animal physiology and is a constituent of all animal bones, in the form of calcium phosphate. 

Although not known as early as carbon, tin, and lead, the Group 5A elements were all discovered before the founding of the United States. Antimony was known to the ancients and was a protected secret of the alchemists. Similarly, arsenic is mentioned in the mystical literature of alchemy, but its discovery is often attributed to Albertus Magnus because of his definitive descriptions of the element. Phosphorus was isolated by Brandt from human urine for a century before it was discovered in bones and in phosphate rock. Bismuth was probably known well before GeoflFrey described it so thoroughly, but he is usually listed as its discoverer. Nitrogen was discovered by Rutherford. 

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