Bismuth injection

The fact that much bismuth is ordinarily stored in the skeleton may be relevant in the etiology of bismuth osteoarthropathy. In two reported cases a differing type of osteopathy occurred, associated with different localization of the pathological lesions and with unusually high bismuth concentrations in the bone both patients had received bismuth injections for syphilis many months or even years before (SEDA-4,169). 

It is seen by examination of Table 1.11(b) that a wide variety of techniques have been employed including spectrophotometry (four determinants), combustion and wet digestion methods and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (three determinants each), atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometric methods, molecular absorption spectrometry and gas chromatography (two determinants each), and flow-injection analysis and neutron activation analysis (one determinant each). Between them these techniques are capable of determining boron, halogens, total and particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, selenium, arsenic antimony and bismuth in soils. 

AAS is used in a number of limit tests for metallic impurities, e.g. magnesium and strontium in calcium acetate palladium in carbenicillin sodium and lead in bismuth subgallate. It is also used to assay metals in a number of other preparations zinc in zinc insulin suspension and tetracosactrin zinc injection copper and iron in ascorbic acid zinc in acetylcysteine lead in bismuthsubcarbonate silver in cisplatinum lead in oxyprenolol aluminium in albumin solution and calcium, magnesium, mercury and zinc in water used for diluting haemodialysis solutions. 

Bismuth and its compounds have traditionally been widely used in medicine and veterinary practice. Finely divided bismuth was injected intramuscularly as an aqueous suspension in the... 

Tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate Triptorelin injection Tromantadine hydrochloride Vancomycin hydrochloride injection... 

Figure 6(a) shows a SEM image of bismuth nanowires embedded in an anodic alumina template after pressure injection. The pore diameter of the template was about 42 nm, and the maximum pressure and temperature applied for the injection process were about 310 bar and 325°C, respectively. A small amount of copper was introduced into hquid bismuth to enhance its injection the copper atoms should be segregated from bismuth during solidification because they have zero solubihty in solid bismuth. Upon solidification, the copper flakes were brought to the top surface of Bi due to their... 

The smallest diameter attained for bismuth nanowires by the pressure injection method was about 13 nm, using a pressure of approximately 0.3 kbar (Zhang et al., 1999). Finer nanowires might be fabricated by increasing injection pressures (Huber et al., 2000), but it remains to be seen if the anodic alumina templates would retain their structural integrity under those high pressures. 

Zhang, Z., Ying, J. Y., and Dresselhaus, M. S., Bismuth quantum-wire arrays fabricated by a vacuum melting and pressure injection process. /. Mater. Res. 13,1745 (1998a). 

Pressure injection bismuth nanowires, 175-177 experimental setup, 174 nanowire fabrication, 173-177 template requirements, 175 Washburn equation, 174-175 Pressure swing adsorption, adsorption, 80 Protein microtube-mediated synthesis, nanostructured materials, 15-16 Purification, olefin-diene, 117... 

There are many examples of relatively straightforward use of ICP-MS for the analysis of biological fluids. Antimony has been measured in blood after a 14 1 dilution [236]. Cesium serum levels were found to be elevated in patients with alcohol dementia but not in Alzheimer s disease patients [237]. Cobalt levels in rat serum depended on the form of cobalt [238] ingested. Bismuth levels were measured in human blood and urine by using a direct injection nebulizer [239]. Lead was measured in the blood and blood plasma of smelter workers and the general population [240]. The measurement of trace elements in serum by ICP-MS has been compared to results from neutron activation analysis and proton-induced x-ray emission [241]. Semiquantitative analysis can also be used to obtain a rapid screening of samples [242]. 

Bismuth arsphenamine sulphonate (Bismarsen , Fig. 9) a yellow powder readily soluble in water, was first prepared by Raiziss in 1924 [70]. Stokes and Chambers [71] were the first to use the drug clinically, giving two injections a week for 14 weeks. Four such courses separated by intervals of a fortnight were administered in all. Nevertheless the effects were slow compared with the arsphenamines, although the tonic effect was greater and the side effects less numerous. Relapses, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS) were more frequent. Consequently, Rayburn and Boyd emphasized the fact that some individuals with neurosyphilis who were intolerant to arsenic in any other form could nevertheless tolerate it in the form of Bismarsen [72]. The low toxicity, the tonic effect, and the ease of administration were the chief advantages in favor of Bismarsen . The other compounds of bismuth with arsenic were not extensively tested in humans. 

Fig. 14 a. Schematic arrangement for Flow Injection Analysis for a simple spectrophotometric determination, b A typical experimental output from such a system, showing lack of carry over even with large samples. (Metal ion Bismuth Reagent Pyrocatechol violet, 5 x 10 3 M pH 2-4 Sample size 200 pi Analysis rate 80 hr-1)... 

Kefala, G. and Economou, A. (2006), Polymer-coated bismuth film electrodes for the determination of trace metals by sequential-injection analysis/anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 576(2) 283-289. 

Kang and Rhee grew bismuth oxide films at 225-425 °C by direct liquid injection MOCVD, using Bi(thd)3 dissolved in n-BuOAc. Temperatures above 325 °C tend to decrease the growth rate due to gas-phase dissociation processes. Annealing at temperatures up to 650 °C is necessary to obtain monoclinic o -Bi203. Temperatures above 750 °C convert a-Bi203 into cubic bismuth silicate due to the reaction with the silicon substrate. 

Gregus and Klaassen carried out a comparative study of fecal and urinary excretion and tissue distribution of eighteen metals in rats after intravenous injection. Total (fecal + urinary) excretion was relatively rapid (over 50% of the dose in 4 days) for cobalt, silver and manganese between 50 and 20% for copper, thallium, bismuth, lead, cesium, gold, zinc, mercury, selenium and chromium and below 20% for arsenic, cadmium, iron, methylmercury and tin. Feces was the predominant route of excretion for silver, manganese, copper, thallium, lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and methylmercury whereas urine was the predominant route of excretion of cobalt, cesium, gold, selenium, arsenic and tin. Most of the metals reached the highest concentration in liver and kidney. However, there was no... 

The ability of bismuth subnitrate to reduce specifically the toxicity of cisplatin and adriamycin was ascribed to the fact that bismuth induces metallothionein by Naganuma and coworkers and Boogaard and coworkers . Naganuma and coworkers also found that preinduction of metallothionein by oral administration of bismuth subnitrate significantly decreased the lethal toxicity, cardiotoxicity and bone-marrow toxicity observed with a single subcutaneous injection of adriamycin. 

There has been a single report of a lung disorder with cough, which was traced to intravenous injection of a so-called health tonic containing bismuth, which had resulted in bismuth-containing subpleural opacities in the lungs (15). 

Addrizzo-Harris DJ, Churg A, Rom WN. Radio-opaque punctate opacities on the chest radiograph following intravenous injection of a bismuth compound. Thorax 1997 52(3) 303. ... 

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