Boiling point vapor pressure

Diaminotoluene isomers CAS Registry Number Melting point. Boiling point. Vapor pressure, kPa (at... 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

Physical property data on the process chemicals are necessary. This information includes such items as melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, water solubility, flammability data, and odor threshold, to name a few. 

Deardon, J.C. (2003) Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships for Prediction of Boiling Point, Vapor Pressure and Melting Point. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22(8), 1696-1709. 

Melting point Boiling point Vapor pressure Solubility... 

The dissolution of a solute into a solvent perturbs the colligative properties of the solvent, affecting the freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure. The dissolution of solutes into a volatile solvent system will affect the vapor pressure of that solvent, and an ideal solution is one for which the degree of vapor pressure change is proportional to the concentration of solute. It was established by Raoult in 1888 that the effect on vapor pressure would be proportional to the mole fraction of solute, and independent of temperature. This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 10A, where individual vapor pressure curves are... 

Pale, yellow crystalline solid chlorine-like acrid odor monoclinic crystals having terahedral structure density 5.1 g/cm melts at 40.6°C vaporizes at 129.7°C sublimation begins below its boiling point vapor pressure 11 torr at 27°C critical temperature 405°C critical pressure 170 atm moderately soluble in water, 7.24 g/lOOmL at 25°C soluble in most organic solvents. 

The Physical Properties are listed next. Under this loose term a wide range of properties, including mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties of elements are presented. Such properties include color, odor, taste, refractive index, crystal structure, allotropic forms (if any), hardness, density, melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, critical constants (temperature, pressure and vol-ume/density), electrical resistivity, viscosity, surface tension. Young s modulus, shear modulus, Poisson s ratio, magnetic susceptibility and the thermal neutron cross section data for many elements. Also, solubilities in water, acids, alkalies, and salt solutions (in certain cases) are presented in this section. 

Classification of Solvents using Physical Constants The following physical constants can be used to characterize the properties of a solvent melting and boiling point, vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, index of refraction, density, viscosity, surface tension, depose moment, dielectric constant, polarizability, specific conductivity, and so on. 

The molality scale is useful for experiments in which physical measurements (freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, osmotic pressure, etc.) are made over a wide range of temperatures. The molality of a given solution, which is determined solely by the masses of solution components, is independent of temperature. In contrast, the molar concentration (or the normality) of a solution is defined in terms of volume it may vary appreciably as the temperature is changed, because of the temperature-dependence of the volume. As a point of interest, in dilute aqueous solutions (less than 0.1M), the molality is very close numerically to the molarity. 

There is a series of properties solutions display that vary with the concentration of solute particles, often regardless of chemical composition. In other words, these properties tend to change pretty much with the concentration. Such properties are referred to as collative properties and include changes in the freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure. 

Analyte size, concentration levels, and detection limits must all be taken into consideration when selecting SPME sorbents [55], Physical characteristics, including molecular weight, boiling point, vapor pressure, polarity, and presence of functional groups, of the analytes of interest must be considered [135], Analyte size is important because it is related to the diffusion coefficient of the analyte in the sample matrix and in the sorbent. 

EPISUITE Syracuse Research Corporation esc.syrres.com Log Kow, solubility, melting and boiling points, vapor pressure, assorted other properties for fate assessment... 

PhysChem Batch Advanced Chemistry Development Inc. www.acdlabs.com pKa, log Kow, log D, K c, bioconcentration factor, solubility at a certain pH, boiling point, vapor pressure, enthalpy of vaporization, flash point, macroscopic properties... 

Dearden, J.C., Quantitative structure-property relationships for prediction of boiling point, vapor pressure and melting point, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22, 1696-1709, 2003. 

The Absolv software includes a plant cuticle-air partitioning module that yields good predictions. It is recommended that this be employed, if possible, for the calculation of plant-air partitioning. If Absolv is not available, one of the QSARs developed by Welke et al. (1998) for a reasonably large diverse data set (n = 38), using either boiling point, vapor pressure, or log K0J as the descriptor should be used. 

The polarity of molecules also creates attractive forces between molecules that cause the molecules to stick together. These attractive forces are called Intermolecular Forces. The physical properties of melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, evaporation, viscosity, surface tension, and solubility are related to the strength of attractive forces between molecules. 

Chemical Molecular Boiling Point Vapor Pressure Gas Density Heating Value... 

Table I shows that, as the boiling point of the hydrocarbon used as the entrainer increases so does that of the azeotrope with water and the percent of water therein. A high percentage of water in the azeotrope is desired for the heat required for the distillation, which is mainly that of the latent heat of the water plus that of the entrainer. Sufficient entrainer should be available in the azeotrope for reflux to the column although this requirement is not large. Also, the solubility or dilution effect is better with lower-boiling hydrocarbons. Thus there are several factors to be balanced in choosing the azeotrope. The effect of relative boiling points, vapor pressures, and amounts of different entrainers in their azeotropes with water has been discussed as affecting the choice of entrainers for separating water from acetic acid (5). However, that represents a much more difficult selection because there the quantity of reflux is important and also the solvent characteristics of the entrainer for the acetic acid also control the choice.

If the normal boiling point (vapor pressure = 1 atm) and the critical temperature and pressure are known, then a straight line drawn through these two points on a plot of log-pressure versus reciprocal absolute temperature can be used to make a rough estimation of the vapor pressure at intermediate temperatures. 

A further OECD Council Decision in 1991 focused on HPV chemicals. These decisions prompted the development of a minimum hazard data set to describe an HPV chemical - the Screening Information Data Set, or SIDS. This includes physicochemical properties (melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, water solubility, and octanol-water partition coefficient) environmental fate (stability in water, photodegradation, biodegradation, and an estimate of distribution/transport in the environment) environmental effects (acute toxicity to aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants) and human health effects (acute toxicity, repeated-dose toxicity, toxicity to the gene and the chromosome, and reproductive and developmental toxicity). 

Chemical identity Physical-chemical data Melting point Boiling point Vapor pressure Water solubility Dissociation constant... 

Low freezing point Resistance to freezing lessens the chance of solid formation and clogging of the column. See 2 on boiling point (vapor pressure). 

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