Collative properties

There is a series of properties solutions display that vary with the concentration of solute particles, often regardless of chemical composition. In other words, these properties tend to change pretty much with the concentration. Such properties are referred to as collative properties and include changes in the freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic pressure. 

Lydersen, A.L. (1955), Estimation of critical properties of organic compounds by the method of group contributions . Uniu. Wisconsin Coll., Eng. Exp. Stn. report No. 4, Madison, Wl. 

J. Wright and A. Colling, Seawater its Composition, Properties and Behaviour, Peigainon Press,... 

General reviews of the structure and properties of liquid crystals can be found in the following G. H. Brown, J. W. Doane, and V. D. Neff. "A Review of the Structure and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals." CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1971 P. J. Collings and M. Hind, Introduction to Liquid Crystals. Nature s Delicate Phase of Matter," Taylor and Francis, Inc., Bristol. Pennsylvania, 1997 P. J. Collins, "Liquid Crystals. Nature s Delicate Phase of Matter," Princeton University Press. Princeton. New Jersey, 1990. A thermodynamic description of the phase properties of liquid crystals can be found in S. Kumar, editor, "Liquid Crystals in the Nineties and Beyond, World Scientific, Riven Edge, New Jersey, 1995. 

Ozmen (2004, especially for chemical bonding) and Coll und Treagust (2003, chemistiy of metals) can help to develop a first overview. Numerous authors (e g. Pfund, 1975 Schldpke, 1991 Griffith and Preston, 1992 Mas et al., 1987) describe parallels between students conceptions and historical scientific ideas. Schldpke (1991), for example, points out similarities between students conceptions concerning properties of matter and ideas in alchemist thinking. Lee, Eichinger, Anderson, Berkheimer, and Blakeslee (1993) mentions semblances between the ideas of Aristotle and students conceptions about general aspects of the particulate nature of matter and the horror vacui . 

A more complete coverage of the literature on electronic spectra of radicals is presented in our paper submitted for publication in Fortschr. Chem. Forsch. (Topics in Current Chemistry), where theafi initio studies are also reviewed and the existing open-shell computational procedures discussed. Recently we performed semiempirical all-valence-electron calculations on ground-state properties and electronic spectra of small radicals (Zahradnik, R., and P. Carsky, Theoret, Chim. Acta, 27, 121 (1972) and Carsky, P., M. Machacek, and R. Zahradnik, Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., in press) and on equilibrium constants of dimerization reactions of small radicals (Zahradnik, R., Z. Slanina, and P. (5arsky, to be published). 

Berndt, W., Meier-Cabell, E., Properties of some proteins as well as acid phosphatase from green coffee, Coll, Int, Chlm, Cafes, 7, 225, 1975. (CA85 155547n)... 

Lydersen, A. L. (1955) Estimation of Critical Properties of Organic Compounds, University of Wisconsin Coll. Eng. Exp. Stn. Report 3 (University of Wisconsin). 

Kobayasi, T. and Nara, H. (1993) Properties of nonlocal pseudopotentials of Si and Ge optimized under full interdependence among potential parameters, Bull. Coll. Med. Sci. Tohoku Univ., 2, 7-16. 

Davis, J. A., James, R. O. and Leckie, J. O. (1978). Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface. I. Computation of electrical double layer properties in simple electrolytes, J. Coll. Inter/. Sci., 63, 480-499. 

Harding, I. H., and T. W. Healy (1985), "Electrical Double Layer Properties of Amphoteric Polymer Latex Colloids", J. Coll. Interf. Sd. 107, 382-397. 

AM-001, and mannanase B properties are similar to those of P-mannanase M-III. Furthermore, the Ouchterlony double diffusion test showed that these five enzymes gave fused precipitation lines. However, N-terminal amino acid sequences of the five mannanases determined by an automatic amino acid sequencer revealed that the N-terminal amino acid sequence from amino acid 1 (Asn) to 9 (Gin) of the Bacillus sp. AM-001 enzymes coincides with those from amino acid 4 (Asn) to 12 (Asn) of the R coll JMlOl (pMAH3) enzymes as shown in Fig. 4. This may reflect differences in the specificities of the signal peptidases of the two bacteria. 

Newton W. and McCready N. (1948). Thermodynamic properties of sodium silicates. C. Phys. Coll Chem., 52 1277-1283. 

Properties of goethites prepared under acid and basic conditions in the presence of silicate. J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 216 106-115... 

Villar, J.W. Dawe, G.A. (1975) The Tilden mine - a new processing technique for iron ore. Mining Congress J. 61 40-48 Vins, J. Subrt, J. ZapletafV Hanousek, E. (1987) Preparation and properties of green rust type substances. Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 52 93-102... 

Davis LM, Kanter HL, Beyer EC, Saffitz JE Distinct gap junction protein phenotypes in cardiac tissues with disparate conduction properties. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 24 1124-1132. 

Khosla, C. Bailey, J. (1988). Heterologous expression of bacterial hemoglobin improves the growth properties of recombinant Escherichia coll Nature, 331, 633-5. 

Liquid Crystals Liquid-crystal phases may occur between the solid and the liquid phase. Cholesteryl myristate, for example, exists in a liquid-crystal phase between 71 and 85°C [6]. The appearance of liquid-crystal phases depends on the molecular structure. Compounds with elongated structures that are fairly rigid in the central part of the molecule are likely candidates for liquid crystals. The homologous series of p-alkoxybenzylidene-p-n-butylanilines is just one example for compounds with liquid-crystal phases. An excellent introduction to liquid crystals and their properties has been written by Collings [6]. 

Collings, E.W. and G, Welsch Materials Properties Handbook Titanium Alloys,... 

Now the influence of water or ammonia on copper catalysts is being investigated. Previously A. BAIKER and coll, have shown that ammonia could modify the catalytic properties of copper catalysts used in the amination of alcohols (9). These authors noticed the formation of copper nitride after NH3 exposure at a temperature of about 300°C which is the reaction temperature of our study. The first results that we obtained in our study showed that both H2O and NH3 decrease significantly the copper dispersion in unpromoted catalysts and that this modification is less significant when Ca or Mn are added to the Cu-Cr catalyst. We are now studying what are the superfical modifications consecutive to the addition of promoters or/and water and ammonia. 

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