Body inflammation

Mild exposure to HF via inhalation can irritate the nose, throat, and respiratory system. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours. Severe exposure via inhalation can cause nose and throat bums, lung inflammation, and pulmonary edema, and can also result in other systemic effects including hypocalcemia (depletion of body calcium levels), which if not promptly treated can be fatal. Permissible air concentrations are (42) OSHA PEL, 3 ppm (2.0 mg/m ) as E OSHA STEL, 6 ppm (5.2 mg/m ) as E and ACGIH TLV, 3 ppm (2.6 mg/m ) as E. Ingestion can cause severe mouth, throat, and stomach bums, and maybe fatal. Hypocalcemia is possible even if exposure consists of small amounts or dilute solutions of HE. 

Primary Irritancy Studies. These studies are employed to determine the potential of materials to cause local inflammatory effects in exposed body surfaces, notably skin and eye, following acute or short-term repeated exposure. In general, the approach involves applying the test material to the surface of the skin or eye, and observing for signs of inflammation, their duration, and resolution. Reviews have been written about the conduct of primary eye irritation (58,86,87) and primary skin irritation studies (88,89). 

Whipworm (Trichuris trichiurd) adult females are 5 cm long. These worms thread their entire body into the epithelium of the colon, where they feed on tissue juice and small amounts of blood. Infections of several hundred worms may cause irritation and inflammation of the mucosa, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gas. Eggs are discharged and passed into the feces. Infections result from the swallowing of eggs that are obtained directly from contaminated soil. Untreated adult worms Hve for years. 

Primary irritants cause inflammation. Inflammation is one of the body s defence mechanisms. It is the reaction of a tissue to harm which is insufficient to kill the tissue and is typified by... 

Human bodies are constantly exposed to a plethora of bacteria, viruses, and other inflammatory substances. To combat these infections and toxic agents, the body has developed a carefully regulated inflammatory response system. Part of that response is the orderly migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Leukocytes literally roll along the vascular wall and into the tissue site of inflammation. This rolling movement is mediated by reversible adhesive interactions between the leukocytes and the vascular surface. 

Aspirin and other NSAIDs function by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that carry out the body s synthesis of prostaglandins (Sections 7.11 and 27.4). There are two forms of the enzyme, COX-1, which carries out the normal physiological production of prostaglandins, and COX-2, which mediates the body s response to arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are blocked by aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs, thereby shutting down not only tire response to inflammation but also various protective functions, including the control mechanism for production of acid in the stomach. 

Histamine is a biogenic amine that is widely distributed in the body and functions as a major mediator of inflammation and allergic reactions, as a physiological regulator of gastric acid secretion in the stomach, as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and may also have a role in tissue growth and repair. 

The human histamine Hi-receptor is a 487 amino acid protein that is widely distributed within the body. Histamine potently stimulates smooth muscle contraction via Hi-receptors in blood vessels, airways and in the gastrointestinal tract. In vascular endothelial cells, Hi-receptor activation increases vascular permeability and the synthesis and release of prostacyclin, plateletactivating factor, Von Willebrand factor and nitric oxide thus causing inflammation and the characteristic wheal response observed in the skin. Circulating histamine in the bloodstream (from, e.g. exposure to antigens or allergens) can, via the Hi-receptor, release sufficient nitric oxide from endothelial cells to cause a profound vasodilatation and drop in blood pressure (septic and anaphylactic shock). Activation of... 

Prostaglandins are a group of lipid autacoids known as eicosanoids. They are produced from membrane phospholipids and found in almost every tissue and body fluid. They are involved in a number of physiological processes including inflammation, smooth muscle tone and gastrointestinal secretion. In the central nervous system they have been reported to produce both excitation and inhibition of neuronal activity. 

The manner in which salicylates relieve pain and reduce inflammation is not fully understood. It is thought that the analgesic action of the salicylates is due to tiie inhibition of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are fatty acid derivatives found in almost every tissue of the body and body fluid. Release of prostaglandin is thought... 

The principal adverse reaction associated with warfarin is bleeding, which may range from very mild to severe. Bleeding may be seen in many areas of the body, such as the bladder, bowel, stomach, uterus, and mucous membranes. Other adverse reactions are rare but may include nausea, vomiting, alopecia (loss of hair), urticaria (severe skin rash), abdominal cramping, diarrhea, rash, hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), jaundice (yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), and blood dyscrasias (disorders). 

The administration of die antiviral ophthalmics may cause occasional irritation, pain, pruritus, inflammation, or edema of the eyes or lids allergic reactions foreign body sensation photophobia and corneal clouding. 

We take aspirin to relieve pain, and sometimes to eliminate the cause of the pain, such as inflammation, fever, or joint swelling. We put germ killers on our skin, and we swallow pills to kill germs inside us. The chemistry of how these ingredients work in or on our bodies is the business of huge industries and large amounts of research. 

Primary irritants cause inflammation. Inflammation is one of the body s defence mechanisms. It is the reaction of a tissue to harm which is insufficient to kill the tissue and is typified by constriction of the small vessels in the affected area, dilation of the blood vessels, increased permeability of the vessel walls, and migration of the white blood and other defensive cells to the invading harmful chemical. The aim is to concentrate water and protein in the affected area to dilute the effect and wash away the chemical. Production of new cells is speeded up and contaminated surface cells are shed. 

These proteins are called acute phase proteins (or reactants) and include C-reactive protein (CRP, so-named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci), ai-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, aj-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen. The elevations of the levels of these proteins vary from as little as 50% to as much as 1000-fold in the case of CRP. Their levels are also usually elevated during chronic inflammatory states and in patients with cancer. These proteins are believed to play a role in the body s response to inflammation. For example, C-reactive protein can stimulate the classic complement pathway, and ai-antitrypsin can neutralize certain proteases released during the acute inflammatory state. CRP is used as a marker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation, and there is considerable interest in its use as a predictor of certain types of cardiovascular conditions secondary to atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide released from mononuclear phagocytic cells, is the principal—but not the sole—stimulator of the synthesis of the majority of acute phase reactants by hepatocytes. Additional molecules such as IL-6 are involved, and they as well as IL-1 appear to work at the level of gene transcription. 

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