Blue water corrosion

Palanichamy S, Mamthamuthu S, Manickam ST, Rajendran A (2002) MicrofouUng of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in tuticorin harbour waters. Current Science 82(7) 865-86 Critchley M, Taylor R, O HaUoran R (2005) Microbial contribution to blue water corrosion Mater Perform 44(6) 56-59... 

Properties Blue-gray, corrosion-inhibiting pigment. D 6.2. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Noncombustible. 

A unique type of corrosion referred to as copper by-product release, cuprosolvency, or blue water occurs in potable water systems constructed of copper tubing, and has been reported worldwide [92-95]. The problem is most often attributed to EPS induced metal concentration cells. The condition is characterized by the release of copper as fine particles in plumbing systems distributing soft water in the neutral or neutral-alkaline pH range. Water may contain between 5 to 300 ppm copper (as Cu +) as finely suspended precipitates. A bacterial biofilm and associated acidic EPS bind copper ions at the metal surface and alter the porosity of the oxide film [96]. Geesey and coworkers [97] characterized binding of an acidic polysaccharide to thin copper films and su ested a cupric ion interaction with carboxyl groups on EPS. These interactions promoted ionization of metallic... 

The first two are very soluble in water but the last is less so. Weaker bases include ammonium hydroxide where X is NH4. In fact every acid can generate a base by loss of a proton and the definition now includes any compound capable of donating electron pairs, e.g. amines. Bases turn litmus paper blue and show characteristic effects on other indicators. They are soluble in water, tarnish in air, and in concentrated form are corrosive to the touch. Common examples are given in Table 3.5. ... 

Forsyth et al. [39] described corrosion of some drums in long-term storage, observing dark blue and brown residues inside the containers. Laboratory studies [48] of lead azide in alcohol-water were conducted in sealed glass capsules which were outgassed and pressurized to one atmosphere with carbon dioxide. Iron, sawdust, and polyethylene were added individually, and the capsules were analyzed at intervals to determine the decomposition rate of lead azide. For iron it was found that the overall reaction is... 

Alcohol, one and a half ounce tincture of steel, one and a half ounce corrosive sublimate, one and a half ounce sweet spirits of nitre, ono and a half ounce blue vitriol, one ounce nitric acid, three-quarters of an ounce. Mix and dissolve in one quart of warm water. Keep in glass bottles. 

Soft water, pno quart dissolve in it blue vitriol, two ounces corrosive sublimate, one ounce and one ounce of spirits nitre. Pub on one coating, and in about an hou r k second one, then let the work stand twelve hours. Oil and rub with cloth. 

The system utilizes a diamond-shaped placard with four colored sections. Each section indicates a particular hazard the blue section indicates a health hazard the red section flammability and the yellow section reactivity. The white section contains special information, such as oxy for oxidizer, cor for corrosive, a W with a slash through it for water reactivity, and a radioactive propeller indicating radioactivity. Numbers 0 to 4 are placed in the blue, red, and yellow sections, indicating the degree of hazard. The numbers indicate the hazard from 0, which means no hazard, to 4, which indicates the most severe hazard. 

A slightly different but equivalent definition of acids and bases is suggested by these equations. The first reaction results in an increase in hydronium ions (H O ). The second reaction results in an increase in hydroxide ions (OH ). Therefore, an acid can be defined as a chemical substance that, when added to water, results in an increase in the concentration of hydronium ions. A base is a chemical substance that, when added to water, results in an increase in the concentration of hydroxide ions. Hydronium ions give acid solutions the properties we associate with acids—sour taste, corrosiveness, and the ability to turn blue litmus paper red. Hydroxide ions give basic (or alkaline) solutions the properties of feeling soapy, causticity, and the ability to turn red litmus paper blue. 

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