Blown

So//i/ fuels. Large coal-fired equipment normally uses pulverized fuel blown into the combustion chamber by a blast of air, similar to oil droplets. 

Frasch process A process for obtaining sulphur by passing superheated water down a shaft to liquefy sulphur which is blown to the surface with compressed air. 

Road paving. This includes bitumen, cutbacks and fluxed bitumen as well as emulsions. Each of these products is subject to very special application techniques. This list is completed by the use of poured asphalt, even though this product is better suited to smaller surfaces sidewalks, courts, etc., than to pavements. Since the middle of the 1980 s, air-blown bitumen is no longer used for road construction. 

The industrial applications, for which blown bitumen are very often used. Some of the industrial applications are given below ... 

Gas is produced to surface separators which are used to extract the heavier ends of the mixture (typically the components). The dry gas is then compressed and reinjected into the reservoir to maintain the pressure above the dew point. As the recycling progresses the reservoir composition becomes leaner (less heavy components), until eventually it is not economic to separate and compress the dry gas, at which point the reservoir pressure is blown down as for a wet gas reservoir. The sales profile for a recycling scheme consists of early sales of condensate liquids and delayed sale of gas. An alternative method of keeping the reservoir above the dew point but avoiding the deferred gas sales is by water injection. 

The typical compressibility of gas is 500 10 psi, compared to oil at 10 10 psr, and water at 3 10 psi When a volume of gas is produced (8V) from a gas-in-place volume (V), the fractional change in pressure (8P) is therefore small. Because of the high compressibility of gas it is therefore uncommon to attempt to support the reservoir pressure by injection of water, and the reservoir is simply depleted or blown down . 

Reference to Figure 3.4 shows that the reduction is not feasible at 800 K. but is feasible at 1300 K. However, we must remember that energetic feasibility does not necessarily mean a reaction will go kinetic stability must also be considered. Several metals are indeed extracted by reduction with carbon, but in some cases the reduction is brought about by carbon monoxide formed when air, or air-oxygen mixtures, are blown into the furnace. Carbon monoxide is the most effective reducing agent below about 980 K, and carbon is most effective above this temperature. 

The process of extraction requires first smelting (to obtain the crude metal) and then refining. In smelting, iron ore (usually an oxide) is mixed with coke and limestone and heated, and hot air (often enriched with oxygen) is blown in from beneath (in a blast furnace). At the lower, hotter part of the furnace, carbon monoxide is produced and this is the essential reducing agent. The reduction reactions occurring may be represented for simplicity as ... 

The material to be steam-distilled (mixed with some water if a solid compound, but not otherwise) is placed in C, and a vigorous current of steam blown in from D. The mixture in C is thus rapidly heated, and the vapour of the organic compound mixed with steam passes over and is condensed in E. For distillations on a small scale it is not necessary to heat C if, however, the flask C contains a large volume of material or material which requires prolonged distillation, it should be heated by a Bunsen burner, otherwise the steady condensation of steam in C will produce too great a volume of liquid. 

The apparatus consists of a tube T (Fig. 76) usually of total height about 75 cm. the upper portion of the tube has an internal diameter of about I cm., whilst the lower portion is blown out as shown into a bulb of about 100 ml. capacity. Near the top of T is the delivery-tube D of coarse-bored capillary, bent as shown. The tube T is suspended in an outer glass jacket J which contains the heating liquid this jacket is fitted around T by a split cork F which has a vertical groove cut or filed m the side to allow the subsequent expansion of the air in J. The open end of the side-arm D can be placed in a trough W containing water, end a tube C, calibrated in ml. from the top downwards, can be secured ts shown over the open end of D. 

THF into the sep funnel. It is recommended that an iodine crystal is placed in the reaction flask and before the condenser is attached, nitrogen should be blown Into the receiving flask to remove any air. As / didn t have any nitrogen available I skipped this step but I did place one small crystal of iodine into the reaction flask. When the iodine is added the solvent will begin to turn brown. Although this looks like the iodine is just dissolving it would appear from what I have read that this is also caused by the reaction. 

In a concentric-tube nebulizer, the sample solution is drawn through the inner capillary by the vacuum created when the argon gas stream flows over the end (nozzle) at high linear velocity. As the solution is drawn out, the edges of the liquid forming a film over the end of the inner capillary are blown away as a spray of droplets and solvent vapor. This aerosol may pass through spray and desolvation chambers before reaching the plasma flame. 

The flows of gas and liquid need not be concentric for aerosol formation and, indeed, the two flows could meet at any angle. In the cross-flow nebulizers, the flows of gas and sample solution are approximately at right angles to each other. In the simplest arrangement (Figure 19.11), a vertical capillary tube carries the sample solution. A stream of gas from a second capillary is blown across this vertical tube and creates a partial vacuum, so some sample solution lifts above the top of the capillary. There, the fast-flowing gas stream breaks down the thin film of sample... 

The sample solution flows onto a piece of fritted glass through which argon gas flows. The flow of argon is broken down into narrow parallel streams of high linear velocity, which meet the thin film of liquid percolating into the pores of the frit. At the interfaces, an aerosol is formed and is blown from the top of the frit. 

Siace the pores ia an aerogel are comparable to, or smaller than, the mean free path of molecules at ambient conditions (about 70 nm), gaseous conduction of heat within them is iaefficient. Coupled with the fact that sohd conduction is suppressed due to the low density, a siUca aerogel has a typical thermal conductivity of 0.015 W/(m-K) without evacuation. This value is at least an order of magnitude lower than that of ordinary glass and considerably lower than that of CFC (chloro uorocarbon)-blown polyurethane foams (54). 

Furan hot-box resins are used in both ferrous and nonferrous foundries (66,67). In this process, resin and catalyst are intimately mixed with dry sand and then blown into heated metal boxes containing a cavity the shape of the desired core. In seconds, the surface of the sand mass hardens and, as soon as the core has cured sufficiently to be rigid and handleable the box is opened and the core removed. Automotive cores with exceUent dimensional accuracy and high strengths are made via this forty-year-old process. 

From the blowline, the fiber is blown into a tube dryer. Tube dryers are 760—1520 mm (30—60 in.) in diameter and up to 100 m or more in length. 

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