Blown ion

Often, preparation of substrate surfaces involves mechanical, chemical, or vacuum plasma cleaning techniques. While effective in removing a large range and portions of contaminations, these processes are well-distinguished by slow cycle times and capital-intensiveness. Atmospheric blown ion systems are well-suited for continuous, in-line surface cleaning of two or three-dimensional surfaces at higher line speeds. 

A second surface effect of blown ion systems is surface roughening. This effect is most prevalent with polymeric substrates. Surface roughening increases the surface area of the substrate, yielding better potential adhesion between the substrate and the interface (ink, coating, adhesive). The third effect is chemical modification of the surface. Ion bombardment can alter the chemical structure of the surface by breaking existing bonds on polymeric materials, producing a more reactive surface. 

The primary constituents to be measured are the pH of precipitation, sulfates, nitrates, ammonia, chloride ions, metal ions, phosphates, and specific conductivity. The pH measurements help to establish reliable longterm trends in patterns of acidic precipitation. The sulfate and nitrate information is related to anthropogenic sources where possible. The measurements of chloride ions, metal ions, and phosphates are related to sea spray and wind-blown dust sources. Specific conductivity is related to the level of dissolved salts in precipitation. 

Although an unequivocal quantitative mass balance could not be obtained, a plausible reaction sequence was deduced that accounts reasonably well for the residual chemical water composition. The amount of CaC03 that had to be dissolved to establish the residual water composition is about what can be accounted for by wind-blown calcite dust. The neutralization of the acidic precipitation by NH3 was, subsequent to its deposition, largely annulled by the H+ ions produced by nitrification and NHJ assimilation. 

If an analyte is definitely insoluble or only soluble in solvents that are not acceptable for the standard MALDI sample preparation technique, it can alternatively be ground together with the solid matrix, preferably in a vibrating ball mill. The resulting fine powder is then spread onto the target. To avoid contamination, nonadherent material should be gently blown away from the target before insertion into the ion source. [103,108,109]... 

In the United States and most parts of the world, iodine is obtained com-merciaUy from brine wells. Many subsurface brines have iodine concentrations in the range of 10 to 100 mg/L. Various extraction processes are known including (i) precipitation with silver nitrate, (ii) oxidation with chlorine, and (hi) ion exchange. In the chlorine oxidation process, natural subsurface brine first is acidified with sulfuric acid and then treated with chlorine. Chlorine hberates iodine from the brine solution. Iodine is blown out into a counter-current stream of air. It is dissolved in a solution of hydriodic acid and sulfu-... 

However, melt-blown nonwoven fabrics with a microscopic variation of basis weight in different parts are a further drawback. The variation changes little even after the melt-blown nonwoven fabrics are pressed or embossed with metal rolls or press plates. Accordingly, the fabrics or pressed products, when used as separators, cause a microscopic nonuniform passage of electrolytes or ions in different parts of the membrane. 

A later method proposed by Oehman [26] produces glycol nitrate and diethylene glycol from ethylene by electrolysis. A platinum wire mesh submerged in an acetone solution of calcium nitrate acts as anode, ethylene being blown through the solution continuously. The cathode space behind the aluminium cathode is filled with a solution of calcium nitrate in nitric acid. At the anode the nitrate ion forms a free radical N03 which combines partially with ethylene to produce nitroglycol (6) ... 

With low-pressure cascade arc, plasma formation (ionization/excitation of Ar) occurs in the cascade arc generator, and the luminous gas is blown into an expansion chamber in vacuum. The majority of electrons and ions are captured by the anode and the cathode, respectively, of the cascade arc generator, and there is no external electrical field in the expanding plasma jet. Consequently, the photon-emitting excited neutrals of Ar cause the majority of chemical reactions that occur in the plasma jet. The luminous gas coming out of the nozzle interacts with gases existing in the space into which it is injected or the surface that is placed to intercept the jet. 

K. H. Blown, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt Instr. Eng. 2438,33 (1995). A good source of information on the new exposure technologies can he found in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofahrication, published annuaUy in Issue 6 of the Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B. 

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