Blood, human acidity

Human transferrin, yeast-derived, 26 486 Human whole blood, citric acid in, 6 632t Humectants, 12 32 in food, 12 65... 

Kephalas and C. ]. Miras. Effects of cannabis smoking in blood lactic acid and glucose in humans. Experientia CS036 1974 30(10) 1183-1184. 

Lactic acid is the cause of one of many possible disorders in human acid-base metabolism. Lactic acidosis represents an accumulation of lactic acid in the blood and tissues. This condition gradually depletes the natural buffers in the body and there is a consequent lowering of pH. As described in the entry on Glycolysis, lactic acid is the end product til (hat pmcess. Lactic acid blood levels are determined by at least Tour factors. The rate of generation of lactic acid the rate of transport from tissues to plasma and from plasma to the liver (point of utilization of lactic acid) the rate uf utilization and excretion of lactic acid by the kidneys. Normally, all of these funclions are maintained in balance to give a normal blood lactate concentration of about I niFq/l. 

Molybdenum compounds have low toxicity in humans. There are some reports of increased blood uric acid in occu-pational exposures and also in Armenian populations that have an abnormally high dietary intake (10 to 15 mg Mo per day). A single report of acute toxicity from self-administration of 300 to 800 jig Mo per day was not confirmed by later studies on healthy men given as much as 1500 pg Mo per day for 24 days. ... 

RIO. Roovers, J., Evrard, E., and Vanderhaeghe, H., An improved method for measuring human blood bile acids. Clin. Chim. Acta 19, 449-457 (1968). 

Wide daily fluctuations in the concentrations of plasma tryptophan, as well as of other amino acids, occur in healthy humans.7 Feigin et al.8 reported a diurnal rhythm for total whole-blood amino acid levels in healthy humans. Daily fluctuations have been observed for all of the nutritionally important amino acids.910 A number of investigators have studied factors that may influence diurnal fluctuations of plasma tryptophan in humans.1112 Many reports cite marked variations, usually decreased levels, of plasma tryptophan, under a variety of disease states. However, it is difficult to assess the importance of these observations. 

Hyperuricemia - A condition in about 0.3% of the human population involving chronic elevation of blood uric acid levels, well beyond normal limits. 

Blood is the fluid that transports oxygen to all the cells of the human body. The normal pH of human blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Death will result if this pH decreases to a value less than 6.8 or increases to a value greater than 8.0 for even a few seconds. Oxygen is carried to cells by a protein in the blood called hemoglobin. When hemoglobin binds O2, hemoglobin loses a proton, which would make the blood more acidic if it did not contain a buffer to maintain its pH. 

The reported uric acid levels in human blood necessarily depend on the method used for the determination. But whatever the method, individual variations are found the upper limits of normal uric acid concentrations are around 8 mg/100 ml in men and 6 mg/ 100 ml in women. This sex difference is a constant finding in adults but is not seen in children. The higher levels of blood urates in men remain unexplained, but it has been proposed that the renal clearance for urate is greater in women than in men. It has also been suggested that concentration of uric acid in blood is controlled hormonally, and that the higher rates of 17-ketosteroid secretion in men could be correlated with the higher uric acid levels in blood. A shift in hormonal balance has also been invoked to explain the rise in blood uric acid observed after menopause. The uric acid levels of the blood are affected by factors other than hormones [158]. 

Banerjee, A., 1982, Blood dehydroascorbic acid and diabetes mellitus in human being, Ann. Clin. Biochem. 19 65-70. 

Most of the SCP produced currently is for animal consumption. Minor quantitites of SCP are being produced for human use. This use has been controversial because of the content of nucleic acid, which can increase blood uric acid levels in a segment of the population. However, many traditional foods contain SCP, such as cheese, yogurt, and sour cream. 

CifiHjjOi. A fatly acid which is easily oxidized in air.-It occurs widely, in the form of glycerides, in vegetable oils and in mammalian lipids. Cholesieryl linoleale is an important constituent of blood. The add also occurs in lecithins. Together with arachidonic acid it is the most important essential fatty acid of human diet. 

Biosynthetic Human Insulin from E. coli. Insulin [9004-10-8] a polypeptide hormone, stimulates anaboHc reactions for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats thereby producing a lowered blood glucose level. Porcine insulin [12584-58-6] and bovine insulin [11070-73-8] were used to treat diabetes prior to the availabiHty of human insulin [11061 -68-0]. AH three insulins are similar in amino acid sequence. EH LiHy s human insulin was approved for testing in humans in 1980 by the U.S. EDA and was placed on the market by 1982 (11,12). 

Platinum—polyethyleneimine complexes prevent the division of bacteria, and are being tested as carriers in the treatment of cancer and vimses (445—447). Encapsulated PEIs containing nucleic acid bases activate the neutrophils in human blood (448). 

Phosphorus. Eighty-five percent of the phosphoms, the second most abundant element in the human body, is located in bones and teeth (24,35). Whereas there is constant exchange of calcium and phosphoms between bones and blood, there is very Httle turnover in teeth (25). The Ca P ratio in bones is constant at about 2 1. Every tissue and cell contains phosphoms, generally as a salt or ester of mono-, di-, or tribasic phosphoric acid, as phosphoHpids, or as phosphorylated sugars (24). Phosphoms is involved in a large number and wide variety of metaboHc functions. Examples are carbohydrate metaboHsm (36,37), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from fatty acid metaboHsm (38), and oxidative phosphorylation (36,39). Common food sources rich in phosphoms are Hsted in Table 5 (see also Phosphorus compounds). 

Zinc. The 2—3 g of zinc in the human body are widely distributed in every tissue and tissue duid (90—92). About 90 wt % is in muscle and bone unusually high concentrations are in the choroid of the eye and in the prostate gland (93). Almost all of the zinc in the blood is associated with carbonic anhydrase in the erythrocytes (94). Zinc is concentrated in nucleic acids (90), and found in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and supernatant fractions of all cells. 

Deficiency or Toxicity in Humans. Molybdenum deficiency in humans results in deranged metaboHsm of sulfur and purines and symptoms of mental disturbances (130). Toxic levels produce elevated uric acid in blood, gout, anemia, and growth depression. Faulty utiH2ation results in sulfite oxidase deficiency, a lethal inborn error. 

The main role of the human thyroid gland is production of thyroid hormones (iodinated amino acids), essential for adequate growth, development, and energy metaboHsm (1 6). Thyroid underfunction is an occurrence that can be treated successfully with thyroid preparations. In addition, the thyroid secretes calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin), a polypeptide that lowers excessively high calcium blood levels. Thyroid hyperfunction, another important clinical entity, can be corrected by treatment with a variety of substances known as antithyroid dmgs. 

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