Enzyme polymorphism

Sahuquillo-Balbuena, E. and Lumaret, R. 1995. Natural variation in the subtropical group of Dacty-lis glomerata L.—1. Evidence from enzyme polymorphism. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 23 407-418. 

J. P. W. Young, L. Demetriou, and R. G. Apte, Rhizobium population genetics enzyme polymorphism in Rhizobinm legumino.sarum from plants and. soil in a pea crop. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53 397-402 (1987). 

The role of CYP1A2 enzyme polymorphisms may be an important factor affecting inter-individual response to clozapine [30]. Recently, a (C A) polymorphism in the first intron of the CYP1A2 gene was found to be associated with variation in CYP1A2 inducibility in healthy volunteer smokers. Sachse and coworkers [31]... 

Chen, S., et al., "The Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) Enzyme Polymorphism Screening Costs and Influence on Clinical Outcomes in Psychiatry," Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 60, 522-534 (1996). 

In the 1950s, new methods of protein separation were developed that enabled the systematic study of molecular variation in many more human proteins. Starch gel electrophoresis allowed the separation of closely related protein variants by differences in charge and molecular size. Smithies (1955) detected the amazing polymorphism of haptoglobin. In later years the method was extended to the study of allozymes (enzyme polymorphisms). 

Harris was also among the first to present the distribution of enzyme polymorphisms in different human populations (Harris and Hopkinson,... 

There exists a large literature on enzyme polymorphism and species adaptation (91), but none of it can as yet be interpreted in stereochemical terms. The best-studied species is Drosophila melanogaster, in which the frequency of the two dominant alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase varies with latitude in several continents one of these alleles has a consistently lower Michaelis constant for alcohols than the other (92). The two enzymes have been found to differ by the single substitution of a lysine for... 

Monastero, R., CalsareUa, R., Mannino, M., et al. (2002) Lack of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer s disease. Neurosci. Lett., 335, 147-149. 

Genetic factors (enzyme polymorphisms, hereditary metabohc disorders)... 

Pirmohamed M, Park BK. Cytochrome P450 enzyme polymorphisms and adverse drug reactions. Toxicology. 2003 192 23-32. 

Table 1 Test probe drags for human phenotyping of human drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms...

Eaton, D.L. 2000. Biotransformation enzyme polymorphisms and pesticide susceptibility. Neurotoxicology 21(1-2) 101-111. 

Nebert, D.W., R.A. McKinnon, and A. Puga. 1996. Human drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms Effects on risk of toxicity and cancer. DNA Cell Biol. 15(4) 273-280. 

Maezawa Y, Yamauchi M, Toda G, Suzuki H, Sakurai S. Alcohol-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms and alcoholism in Japan. Alcohol Clin Esp Res 1995 19 951-954. 

O Brien SJ, Cliener G, Olson R Shannon JE (1977) Enzyme polymorphisms as genetic signatures in human cell cultures. Science 195 1345-1348. 

Acetylation of drugs is also associated with genetically determined interindividual and interethnic differences. Differences in isoniazid toxicity between Asians and Caucasians are due to acetylation enzyme polymorphism. The majority (78%-93%) of Chinese and East Asians are fast acetylators, whereas only 50% of whites and African Americans are fast acetylators (Weber 1987). This is clinically important, because several psychoactive compounds (e.g., caffeine, clonazepam, nitrazepam, and phenelzine) are metabolized through acetylation (Sjoqvist et al. 1997). 

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