Blood Charcoal

Blut Uumpen, m. blood clot. kohle, /. blood charcoal. kSrperchen, n. blood corpuscle. krautf n. any of various blood-red or blood stanching plants. >kreislauft m. blood stream circulation of the blood. kuchen,m. blood clot placenta, lauf, m, circulation of the blood,... 

Although the experimental technique is quite simple, it presents certain difficulties. Among these the principal one is that of obtaining concordant results with different portions of the same adsorbent. rhe only possible method is to use equal weights, whereas what is really required is equal surface, and even with apparently uniform substances like blood charcoal it is pot certain that equal weights really... 

Blood charcoal. .. GCI3H, C2H5OH, CHgCOOCaHs, CaHe, CaHeCHg,... 

Identical maximal values for the adsorption by blood charcoal were found for the acids HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 in the presence of their neutral salts, viz. a 45 % adsorption in a O Ol molar solution. Of interest is the fact that similar results were obtained for the adsorption of hydroxyl ions, e.g. caustic potash and soda, in the presence of excess potassium and sodium chlorides, both hydrogen and hydroxyl ions exhibiting equal adsorption. 

Thiourea crystallises in rhombic prisms and is soluble in eleven times its weight of cold water. When heated with water to 140° C., ammonium thiocyanate is re-formed. It forms salts which are analogous to those of urea, the most characteristic being the nitrate, CS(NH2)2.HN03. It is oxidised in solution containing blood charcoal according to the equation ... 

Blood charcoal was found to have about 1 per cent, of the carbon-iron surface of fiftyfold activity, but apparently none of the still more active iron-carbon-nitrogen surface, which is somewhat surprising, as there is plenty of nitrogen in this charcoal. It was estimated, from the percentage of iron in this charcoal, that there was about one iron atom to every six atoms of carbon in the most active patches of the blood charcoal. This ratio of six to one suggested that the iron atom may promote the catalytic activity by reason of a combination of the co-ordinated kind but this is scarcely proved as yet. 

A. Tiselius, Advances in Colloid Set., 1, 89 (1942) Kahlbaum active carbon, Carboraffin, Supranorit, Merck animal carbon, and Merck blood charcoal were found useful in these separations. Norit P-3, Carboraffin Supra, and Darco G-60 were used subsequently. 

The commonly recognized adjuvants are remarkable for their diversities. Soluble immunogens can be adsorbed onto the following kinds of inorganic suspensions alumina cream, aluminum phosphate, and aluminum sulfate. Adsorption onto organic carriers such as blood, charcoal, calcium alginate, or polyacrylamide gels has also enhanced responses. A Maalox... 

In all these cases the benzoin possesses at first more or less a yellow color, but is rendered perfectly pure and colorless by solution in hot alcohol, treatment with blood charcoal and frequent crystallization. 

Quinine The antimalarial agent quinine is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree along with several other alkaloids and salicylate (aspirin). Many of these agents produce similar toxic features (cinchon-ism) in patients with excessive intake, but only quinine produces blindness. Cinchonism consists of abdominal pain and vomiting, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and confusion. Visual loss after quinine overdose is due to direct retinal toxicity, although until recently it was believed to be due to spasm of the arterial blood supply to the retina. Treatment is difficult, but limited evidence suggests charcoal hemoperfusion may be beneficial (hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis, except in place of a semi-permeable membrane to filter the toxin from the blood, charcoal is used to bind the toxin). 

Acid washed blood charcoal Yellow-gray Slight... 

The rationale for the development of such fibers is demonstrated by their appHcation in the medical field, notably hemoperfusion, where cartridges loaded with activated charcoal-filled hoUow fiber contact blood. Low molecular weight body wastes diffuse through the fiber walls and are absorbed in the fiber core. In such processes, the blood does not contact the active sorbent direcdy, but faces the nontoxic, blood compatible membrane (see Controlled RELEASE TECHNOLOGY, pharmaceutical). Other uses include waste industrial appHcations as general as chromates and phosphates and as specific as radioactive/nuclear materials. 

For plasminogen-deficient fibrinogen from blood plasma, the anticoagulated blood was centrifuged and the plasma was frozen and washed with saline solution. Treated with charcoal and freeze-thawed. Dialysed versus Tris/NaCl buffer. [Maxwell and Nikel Biochem Prep 12 16 1968.]... 

One of the most important and versatile building blocks for the construction of biomolecules is hydrogen cyanide HCN (also known as pmssic acid), which was prepared for the first time by the German-Swedish apothecary Carl-Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) in Koping in Sweden. He heated blood with potash and charcoal and obtained what he called Blutlauge , which he distilled with sulphuric acid (Bauer, 1980 Encycl. Am., 1975). 

Diagnosis Be suspicious if an aerosol attack occurs in the form of yellow rain with droplets of yellow fluid contaminating clothing and the environment. Confirmation requires testing of blood, tissue and environmental samples. As for treatment, there is no specific antidote however, super-activated charcoal should be given orally if the toxin is swallowed. The only defense is to wear a protective mask and clothing during an attack. No specific immunotherapy or chemotherapy is available for use in the field. 

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