Arterial blood supply

Neurotransmitters are produced in our brains from the contents of our diets by means of a many-step process. First, nutrients (labeled i in Fig. i—i), such as amino acids, sugar, fats, and peptides (strings of amino acids bound together), are extracted and absorbed from the food we eat and are transported out of the arterial blood supply to the brain—that is, they are actively carried through the blood—brain barrier and transported into the neurons. Enzymes (2) convert these nutrients into different neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitter molecules are actively transported into what are called synaptic vesicles (3), or very tiny spheres with hollow centers into which about 10,000 molecules of a typical neurotransmitter can be stored for later release from a neuron. 

As the anesthetic agent is absorbed and thus removed from the site of application, its local action ceases, and its systemic and toxic effects start. Because most of these drugs, especially cocaine, are rapidly destroyed in the body, the systemic toxicity increases with the rapidity of absorption. It is therefore desirable and often necessary to delay the absorption. This may be done by restricting the local circulation. Cocaine itself tends to do this by producing a local vasoconstriction, an action that is not shared by its substitutes. This vasoconstriction should be reinforced by the addition of epinephrine. More dilute solution may thus be used, and the anesthetic effect is much more prolonged. With intracutaneous infiltration, the pressure and edema also result in ischemia. In suitable situations, the circulation may be slowed by bandages, or arrested by temporarily clamping the arterial blood supply. 

Rat wt.t 470 grams. Eviscerated by usual procedure, except liver left with functioning hepatic arterial blood supply. Tumor wt.t 37 grams dose given at zero time, 6.0 mg. DL-lysine-6-C14 HCl (340 volts/min. as L-lysine-6-ClA). Experiment terminated at 6 hours. 2.0 ml. dialyzed plasma (total C14 activity 3.152 volts/min.) separated by electrophoresis... 

Jacobson et al. (1966, 1967) studied gastric secretion in relation to mucosal blood flow by an antipyrine clearance technique in conscious dogs with vagally denervated gastric fundic (Heidenhain) pouches. A vagally denervated fundic pouch is so constructed that the entire arterial blood supply is delivered by the splenic artery. A non-cannulating transducer (electromagnetic flowmeter) and a hydraulic occluder were implanted on the vessel. 

Each node, also called a lymph gland, has both arterial blood supply and venous drainage. Lymphocytes drain out of the arteries into the node interior, usually through a high endothelial venule that facilitates their entry. This venule (small vein) derives its name from the higher-than-usual tightly joined endothelial cells that line it. 

A normal spleen is 11 (10-14) cm in length, 7 (6-8) cm in width and 4 (3-4) cm in depth. The weight of the spleen varies considerably (<100 g to >250 g) a mean value of 150-170 (-180)g can be accepted. The normal diameter of the splenic artery is 4-5 mm, while that of the splenic vein is 8-14 mm with a normal mean value of about 10 mm. With a flow rate of 500-700 ml per minute, the blood flow through the spleen exceeds the arterial blood supply of the liver by a factor of almost 3. The longitudinal axis of the spleen runs parallel to ribs 9-11 from the upper dorsal to the lower ventral. 

In the light of a possible shunt operation, it has become more important to obtain additional information on the arterial blood supply to the liver. As regards cirrhosis with portal hypertension, arteriographic investigations have shown that the more the blood flow through the... 

A number of bacterial infections may affect the liver to varying degrees of intensity. The frequently observed liver involvement is attributed to a number of causes (i.) size of this visceral parenchymatous organ, (2.) multiplicity and activity of the hepatic RES as a filtering system, (3.) double (portal and arterial) blood supply with transport of bacteria or their toxins, and 4.) lymphogenous spread of pathogenic organisms. 

Vascular disorders A decrease in the arterial blood supply, especially hypoperfusion of the periductular capillary plexus, can be caused by vasculitis, i.v. infusions of cytostatics (e.g. floxuridine) (18, 19, 24, 38) or alcohol into the hepatic artery, postoperative scarry strictures of the hepatic artery, allograft rejection, etc. 

Quinine The antimalarial agent quinine is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree along with several other alkaloids and salicylate (aspirin). Many of these agents produce similar toxic features (cinchon-ism) in patients with excessive intake, but only quinine produces blindness. Cinchonism consists of abdominal pain and vomiting, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and confusion. Visual loss after quinine overdose is due to direct retinal toxicity, although until recently it was believed to be due to spasm of the arterial blood supply to the retina. Treatment is difficult, but limited evidence suggests charcoal hemoperfusion may be beneficial (hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis, except in place of a semi-permeable membrane to filter the toxin from the blood, charcoal is used to bind the toxin). 

Fig. 3.8. Male patient suffering from a multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), treated with repeated sessions of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Dyna-CT (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) image started together with injection of 10 ml iodinated contrast agent via a super-selective catheter system placed in the right hepatic artery compared with a corresponding MDCT section in the arterial phase after i.v. injection of 120 ml iodinated contrast agent. Note the excellent, direct depiction of arterial blood supply of the HCC nodule in liver segment 5/8 (arrow). The artifacts in the left and right liver lobe are caused by spots of Lipiodol in already treated HCC nodules after earlier transarterial chemoembolization...

Bertelli E, Di Gregorio F, Bertelli L, Civeli L, Mosca S (1996a) The arterial blood supply of the pancreas a re-... 

Bertelli E, Di Gregorio F, Bertelli L, Orazioli D, Bastian-ini A (1997) The arterial blood supply of the pancreas a review. IV. The anterior inferior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal aa., and minor sources of blood supply for the head of the pancreas. An anatomical review and radiologic study. Surg Radiol Anat 19 203-212... 

These findings are in line with the literature, which reports high hepatic arterial perfusion in liver metastases of neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors [3]. Similarly, high vascularity has been described for HCC [48]. Metastases from colorectal cancer are known to initially show a moderate arterial blood supply. With growth of the metastases, the supply... 

An angiogram to detect possible variants of arterial liver irrigation, to identify the vessels that give arterial blood supply to every liver tumor nodule and to assess portal vein blood flow. 

In contrast with these new 3D cocultme technologies, ex vivo or in situ perfusion methods, using the rat pancreas, are a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of drug candidates or explore possible mechanisms of toxicity in the whole pancreas (Ross, 1972). This procedure is technically challenging and involves cannulating the arterial blood supply to the pancreas and perfusing with an oxygenated... 

The carotid body is known to function as a chemo-receptor sensitive to hypoxia, hypercapnia and increasing acidity in the arterial blood supply (Bis-COE et al. 1970). 

The arterial blood supply of the carotid body is brought by the occipital and ascending pharyngeal... 

The precise definition of a myocardial infarction is a subject of detailed discussion in the literature. Different definitions can be used in clinical practice, clinical trials, and registries (White et al. 2014). In an attempt to standardize definitions, the Third Universal Definition of myocardial infarction is based on troponin elevation together with ischemic symptoms, ischemic ECG changes, and imaging evidence myocardial infarctions are classified into several types according to whether they are spontaneous, secondary to imbalance between coronary artery blood supply and demand, related to sudden death, or related to revascularization procedures (White et al. 2014). 

Juskiewenski s, Vaysse P, Moscovici J et al (1982) A study of the arterial blood supply to the penis. Anat Clin 4 101-107... 

Arterial Blood Supply 312 Arteria Radicularis Magna 312 Potential Arterial Collaterals 313 Venous Drainage 313... 

The arterial blood supply of the spinal cord is provided by the unpaired anterior spinal artery (ASA) and the paired posterior spinal arteries. These vessels constitute a longitudinally orientated arterial system that is interconnecting with numerous arteries entering transversely and resembling the segmental embryology of the spine (Gillilan 1958 Lasjaunias and Berenstein 1990). 

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