Blood and Serum

Ross, R. T. and Gonzalez, J. G. "Direct Determination of Trace Quantities of Manganese In Blood and Serum Samples Using Selective Volatilization and Graphite Tube Reservoir Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry". Bull. Environ. 

The activity of diamidines is reduced by acid pH and in the presence of blood and serum. Microorganisms may acquire resistance by serial subculture in the presence of increasing doses of the compounds. Propamidine and dibromopropamidine, as the isethionate salts, are the major diamidine derivatives employed as antimicrobial agents propamidine in the form of eye-drops (0.1%) for amoebic infection and dibromopropamidine for topical treatment of minor infections. 

Elevated blood and serum enzyme levels in rats fed 0.5 mg mirex/kg ration for 28 days (Yarbrough et al. 1981)... 

Microbiological assay should stress accuracy over precision. Standardization of an assay method should include comparisons with at least one other organism having a different nutritional pattern and specificity toward the compound being assayed. Such a comparison was made for cyanocobalamin (vitamin Bi2 ) content of human blood and serum, using four microorganisms differing in their cobamide requirements and metabolism (B9). 

Because of the multiplicity of folic acid factors reported in whole blood (Ul), the microbiologic assay for folic acid in whole blood and serum was regarded as valueless (C2, L8, W9) results based on S. faecalis methods (C2, C3) did not contradict this view. Streptococcus faecalis is inferior to L. casei in its utilization of the PGA polyglutamates... 

The so-called normal range of blood and serum vitamin levels is always derived from observations on healthy young subjects. How about a comparison with healthy old subjects, whose percentage in the population is steadily increasing Much may be learned about the cause of the decrease of physiological function and of the increased susceptibility to organic disease in old age, if the role of vitamins as parameter of these alterations were investigated with a view to preventive theory. 

GSSGR has been found in plant tissues (C6, K18, M3), in Escherichia coli (A12), in yeast (Rl), in various animal tissues (Rl, R4), and in human blood and serum (H20, Ml). 

China offers a large pool of treatment naive patients for clinical trials. There are 1.3 bUhon people, of which 250 milhon are insured and another 250 million partially insured. Chnical trials are one-third the cost of that in the United States and recruitments are expected to be rapid. However, comphcating factors are slower regulatory processes, limited qualified central laboratories for testing, and restriction of export of blood and serum samples outside China for testing. 

The results obtained with ISEs have been compared several times with those of other methods. When the determination of calcium using the Orion SS-20 analyser was tested, it was found that the results in heparinized whole blood and serum were sufficiently precise and subject to negligible interference from K and Mg ([82]), but that it is necessary to correct for the sodium error, as the ionic strength is adjusted with a sodium salt [82], and that a systematic error appears in the presence of colloids and cells due to complexa-tion and variations in the liquid-junction potential [76]. Determination of sodium and potassium with ISEs is comparable with flame photometric estimation [39, 113, 116] or is even more precise [165], but the values obtained with ISEs in serum are somewhat higher than those from flame photometry and most others methods [3, 25, 27, 113, 116]. This phenomenon is called pseudohyponatremia. It is caused by the fact that the samples are not diluted in ISE measurement, whereas in other methods dilution occurs before and during the measurement. On dilution, part of the water in serum is replaced by lipids and partially soluble serum proteins in samples with abnormally increased level of lipids and/or proteins. 

Among potentiometric enzyme sensors, the urea enzyme electrode is the oldest (and the most important). The original version consisted of an enzyme layer immobilized in a polyacrylamide hydrophilic gel and fixed in a nylon netting attached to a Beckman 39137 glass electrode, sensitive to the alkali metal and NHj ions [19, 2A Because of the poor selectivity of this glass electrode, later versions contained a nonactin electrode [20,22] (cf. p. 187) and especially an ammonia gas probe [25] (cf. p. 72). This type of urea electrode is suitable for the determination of urea in blood and serum, at concentrations from 5 to 0.05 mM. Figure 8.2 shows the dependence of the electrode response... 

Concentrations of cyclohexanol in urine and cyclohexane in whole blood and serum have shown significant correlations with occupational exposure levels. ... 

Delves HT, Sieniawska CE, Fell GS, et al. 1997. Determination of antimony in urine, blood and serum and in liver and lung tissues of infants by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst 122 1323-1329. 

In clinical studies of trace elements in blood and serum using inorganic mass spectrometry, single element clinical applications dominate in the analytical literature 43... 

A method has been published for the determination of a variety of metals in diluted blood and serum using inductively coupled plasma atomization with mass spectrometric detection.3 Blood was diluted tenfold and serum fivefold with a solution containing ammonia, Triton X-100 surfactant, and EDTA. Detection limits adequate for measurement in blood or serum were found for cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, rubidium, and zinc. 

Barany, E. et al., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for direct multielement analysis of diluted human blood and serum, J. Anal. At. Spectrosc., 12, 1005-1009, 1997. 

Most platinum compounds exist as coordination complexes the tetravalent compounds typically are more toxic than the hexavalent ones [10]. Certain neutral platinum complexes exhibit antitumor activity and therefore are used in chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin. Speeiation is required to distinguish platinum chemotherapy drugs from their metabolites in patients blood and serum samples. 

Carcinogenicity 2-year rat inhalation study Other intravenous and intratracheal studies in rats and monkeys blood and serum compatability (human and monkey), ocular toxicity... 

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