Blends nomenclature

There is some confusion in the literature regarding polymer blend nomenclature. Here the following definitions are assigned to the commonly used terms ... 

Materials Characterization. 1 mm thick film samples for materials characterization were prepared by compression molding. The blend nomenclature is (w/ )PS/r5 /-SPS0.75/Mmt for the PS/ionomer/Na-Mmt blends, where m/n) denotes the PS/SPS0.75 composition (w/w) based on the total polymer content. The composition of the silicate was fix at 3 wt% of the total polymer mass, except for one sample that had 10 wt% silicate. The composite samples studied are summarized in Table 1. 

Most of the octane blending values reported ia the Hterature use a slight variation on this theoretically sound approach. The composition and octane of the base fuel are assumed to be fixed and the second component is assumed to be added. Using the same nomenclature, the blending octane number (BON) of component 2 is defined as... 

Recommendations on additional aspects of macromolecular nomenclature such as that of regular double-strand (ladder and spiro) and irregular single-strand organic polymers continue to be pubHshed in I ure and Applied Chemistty (100,101). Recommendations on naming nonlinear polymers and polymer assembHes (networks, blends, complexes, etc) are expected to be issued in the near future. 

The Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature is currently working on the extension of macromolecular nomenclature to branched and cyclic macromolecules, micronetworks and polymer networks, and to assemblies held together by non-covalent bonds or forces, such as polymer blends, interpenetrating networks and polymer complexes. 

The most widely used nomenclature in the field of luminescence of aromatic molecules is that proposed by Birks. 3) The photophysical species and processes in this scheme which are encountered in rigid systems of aryl vinyl polymers are described in Tables 1-4. Triplet excimers have been omitted since it will be shown later that all triplet states play minor roles in the room-temperature, air saturated P2VN blends studied recently 2). 

The number of two-polymer, multipolymer, and multimonomer systems reported in the scientific and patent literature continues to rise without an adequate nomenclature to describe the several materials. This chapter is divided into three parts. (1) A proposed nomenclature system which uses a short list of elements (polymers or polymer reaction products). These elements are reacted together in specific ways by binary operations which join the two polymers to form blends, grafts, blocks, crosslinked systems, or more complex combinations. (2) The relationship between the proposed nomenclature and the mathematics of ring theory (a form of the new math9 ) is discussed. (3) A few experimental examples now in the literature are mentioned to show how the new nomenclature scheme already has been used to discover new multipolymer systems. 

Because of the above considerations, Sperling and co-workers (12, 13) have evolved a tentative nomenclature scheme for polymer blends, isomeric graft copolymers, and IPNs, and have gradually broadened and clarified the system. However, a certain level of achievement has been attained, and even though the proposed system still has faults, it will be presented below. 

Simultaneous Mixing or Reacting. One of the advantages of the proposed nomenclature is the preservation of the time sequence of polymer reactions. Examples include grafting reactions and interpenetrating polymer networks. In some cases, like the blends or random copolymerization, the time sequence has no meaning. 

Summary of Ring Notation. In summary, the addition of a zero, additive inverses, and coefficients allows for Laws One through Six to be followed. The polymer blend, graft, and IPN nomenclature scheme forms three rings, and the fact that the binary operation Om on R = (Pi, P2, P3,. . . , Pn) constitutes a group puts the system on an improved mathematical ground. Similar relationships can be developed for the other operations. 

V In copolymer nomenclature, descriptive lowercase italic infixes may be used. These include alt, blend, block (or b), co, cross, graft (or g), inter, per, stat, and ran. 

Experiments have been carried out on essentially monodisperse polystyrene, either homopolymers (normal or deuterated) or isotopically-labelled block-copolymers. These materials have been used alone or blended. Sample nomenclature and average molecular weights, as determined by SEC, are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Isotopically-labelled block copolymers, either linear or 6-arm stars, synthesized by anionic polymerization, were kindly provided by Dr. L. J. Fetters (Exxon Research and Engineering Company). 

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) formed a Subcommission on Nomenclature of Macromolecules in 1952 and has proceeded to study various topics related to cyclic polymers, blends, composites, cross-linked polymers, block copolymers, etc. lUPAC periodically reports its decisions regarding nomenclature (1, 7, and ). Even so, these rules have not been generally accepted for common polymers by the majority of those in polymer science. 

In this introductory chapter the basic information on polymer blends (with a special emphasis on the commercial alloys) is presented in the sequence (i) a historical perspective on the polymer science and technology, (ii) polymeric structures and nomenclature, (iii) fundamental concepts in polymer blend science, and (iv) evolution of polymer blends technology. 

Polymer alloys and blends constitute over 30 wt% of polymer consumption, and with an annual growth rate of about 9.3% that has remained constant for the last ten years (i.e., four times the growth rate of the plastics industry as a whole), their role can only increase. In the text, the following standard definitions will be used [Utracki, 1989 1991 see also Nomenclature in Chapter 1 of this Handbook],... 

Nomenclature, non-linear macromolecules 11 Nomenclature, polymer blend 11,12... 

The 80%/20% binary blends PE/PS and PP/PS were subjected to F-C reaction for compatibilization performed under nitrogen atmosphere in a Banbury mixer. Different concentrations of catalyst (AICI3) and 0.3% of cocatalyst (styrene) were added to the completely melted and mixed physical blends. The blends and catalyst concentrations are weight based. High MW commercial grades of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and injection-grade polypropylene and polystyrene were used as homopolymers. The compatibilization conditions and MW of the homopolymers are given in Table 20.1. Blend names are listed in nomenclature. 

Blending. The coal-pitch and coal-coal blends were analysed in terms of their optical texture by point-counting. Care is necessary to describe accurately the type of anisotropy seen and for this purpose a standard nomenclature has been devised (Table I). Results of the point-counting of cokes from the six coal-pitch blends are shown in Figures 7 to 10. 

Under Monsanto s Aroclor nomenclature system, each Aroclor is assigned a four digit number. The last two digits indicate the approximate percentage weight of chlorine in the product and the first two digits indicate the type of material as follows 12—chlorinated biphenyls 25—blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated terphenyls (75 25) 44—blend of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated terphenyls (60 40) and 54—chlorinated terphenyls. 

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