Nomenclature copolymers

Specification with regard to mass fractions, mole fractions and molar masses is handled as in source-based copolymer nomenclature [4]. 

The introduction of a third component into the reaction system necessitates the use of copolymer nomenclature which can logically be developed Irom the foregoing rules, as the examples below illustrate. The copolymer derived from reaction of ethylene glycol with a mixture of terephthalic and isophthalic acids would be named ... 

By copolymerization we understand the mutual polymerization of two or more monomers, with the resulting macromolecules containing repeating units of all the participating monomers. Depending on the distribution of the monomers in the macromolecules one differentiates four types of copolymers (nomenclature of copolymers see Sect.1.2) ... 

V In copolymer nomenclature, descriptive lowercase italic infixes may be used. These include alt, blend, block (or b), co, cross, graft (or g), inter, per, stat, and ran. 

Ceresa, R. J., Block and Graft Copolymers, Nomenclature Section, Butter-... 

Polymers such as polyamides (1-13), polyesters (1-5), and so on are not named as copolymers since the chemical structure of the joining linkage in each case shows that the parent monomers must alternate and copolymer nomenclature would therefore be redundant. 

Graft copolymers like 1-27 are named aspoly(A-g-B) with the backbone polymer mentioned before the branch polymer. Examples are poly(ethylene- -styrene) or starch-g-polystyrene. In block copolymer nomenclature b is used in place of g and the polymers are named from an end of the species. Thus the triblock macromolecule 1-53... 

The polymer produced in eq 1.1 is known as polyethylene and, less commonly, as polymethylene, polyethene or polythene. (In the late 1960s, "polythene" became part of popular culture when the Beatles released "Polythene Pam.") Polyethylene is the lUPAC recommended name for homopolymer. As we shall see, however, many important ethylene-containing polymers are copolymers. Nomenclatures for various types of polyethylene are addressed in section 1.3. Though some have suggested that its name implies the presence of unsaturated carbon atoms, there are in fact few C=C bonds in polyethylene, usually less than 2 per thousand carbon atoms and these occur primarily as vinyl or vinylidene end groups. 

TABLE 2. Examples of Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature... 

Table 5.9.2 Examples of source-based copolymer nomenclature...

Fig. 3 Surface pressure-mean molecular area isotherm from an eimphiphilic triblock copolymer. Nomenclature of polymer phases is shown. Reprinted from [66] with permission. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society...

In the discussion above, polymers made from only one kind of monomeric unit, or mer, were considered. Many kinds of polymers contain two kinds of mers. These can be combined in various ways to obtain interesting and often highly useful materials. Some of the basic copolymer nomenclature is presented in Table 2.5 (19,20). If three mers—A, B, and C—are considered, some of the possible copolymers are also named in Table 2.5. The connectives in copolymer nomenclature will be defined below. 

Used in graft copolymer nomenclature to describe the chain onto which the graft is formed. 

The information in the following table, Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature, contains examples of common or semi-systematic names of copolymers. The systematic names of comonomers may also be used thus, the polyacrylonitrile- f>locfe-polybutadiene- block-polystyrene polymer in Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature may also be named poly(prop-2-enenitrile)-hlocfe-polybuta-l,3-diene-i>locfc-poly(ethenylbenzene). lUPAC does not require alphabetized names of comonomers within a polymer name many names are thus possible for some copolymers. 

These connectives may be used in combination and with small, non-repeating (i.e., non-polymeric) junction units see, for example. Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature, line 8. Along dash may be used in place of the connective -block- thus, in Source-Based Copolymer Nomenclature, the polymers of lines 7 and 8 may also be written as shown on lines 9 and 10. 

Source-based copolymer nomenclature (Alternative format)... 

Table 10.1 Polyoxyalklene block copolymer nomenclature (Reproduced from M. W. Edens, in Nonionic Surfactants. Polyoxyalkylene Block Polymers (V. M. Nace, ed.) Surfactant Science Series No. 60 (1996), copyright (1996) with permission from Marcel Dekker Inc.).

---