Blackness test

Blackness test A filter test for air or the products of combustion, in which a dust spot is formed on filter paper, the degree of reflection is determined by a light meter, and the result is related to a standard. 

Pinmixers used for pelleting carbon black. Test results with a furnace oil carbon black. Reproduced from ref. [11]. 

A carbon black test sample is obtained by mixing carbon black and zinc oxide with epoxidized soybean oil. The mixture is milled in a mechanical muller with frequent scraping. The specimen is prepared by film drawdown, roller spreader or by the glass slide method. Reflectometer readings are obtained. The result is a comparison of the tint strength of standard with the test sample expressed in tint... 

Materials effective as anode catalysts for epoxidation of 1-hexene by the method in Figure 2 were screened. Among various metal oxides, metal salts and metal blacks tested, the most active and selective anode catalyst for the formation of 1,2-epoxy hexane was Pt black (Table 1). The oxidation efficiency for the formation of epoxide defined by equation 9 was about 26% and its selectivity was 66%. Pt black samples obtained from different producers or prepared in this work showed quite low electrocatalytic activity. However, the calcination of these inactive Pt blacks in air at 673 K substantially enhanced the catalytic activities of these samples. XPS studies on various Pt black samples suggested that a Pt02 phase was associated with the active oxygen for the epoxidation. 

For the cask loading criticali scenario to be credible, the maintenance personnel would have to fitil to install at least one blank and one cadmium plate in the cask following maintenance. Th would also have to foil to p onn a blackness test on the plates after they are installed. The loading personnel would then have to foil to detect this error and place two bundles into the same section of the cask. 

Li this scenario, the maintenance po sonnel are assumed to foil to place a blank and a cadmium plate in the section directfy adjacent to section "1" or "5 . The maintenance operators are credited with the ability of one of the operators to detect the other s error. They are o credited with the possibility that they will detect thdr or with the blackness test By foiling to install the cadmium plate and blank a section of the cask has the capability to hold two bundles. The loading personnd are credited with performing an inspection of the cask using a checldist prior to loading. Th must also foil to load the bundle into the proper cask section and instead place it in the cask section with another bundle. In this configurafton, the bundles are assumed to be placed ade-by-side. 

Two operators place the blanks and cadmium s arator plates in the cask after maintenance or during re-configuration of the cask. These same two operators are required by procedure to conduct the blackness test on the plates after th are installed. 

Excellent protection is afforded by a range of carbon blacks for the weatherability of PP. Although the average particle size of the carbon blacks tested, as measured by electron microscopy, varied from 16 to 38 pm, at a concentration of 2%, none of the PP showed a significant fall-off in MW after 6,000 sunshine hours exposed under tropical conditions at Curasao. For the small-particle-size carbon black, a reduction in concentration to 0.5% gave similar results (see Figure 18.57). 

Black test Bright gieenisivyellow fluorescence (BCYF) is seen in contaminated grain viewed under ultraviolet l ht. 

In addition, there are 23 other ASTM Standard Test Methods dedicated strictly to carbon black testing for the rubber industry. These standard methods are ... 

Identification of the material properties as an estimation of transfer function (TF) for the black box model. In this case the problem of identification is solving according to the results of the input (IN) and output (OUT) actions. There is a transfer of notion of mathematical description of TF on characterization of the material. This logical substitution gives us an opportunity to formalize testing procedure and describe the material as a set of formulae, which can be used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of the materials. 

Figure 1. Dynamic model of testing of the material as a black box , where IN - loads and actions OUT - response of the material as measuring characteristics N - noise (combination of uncertain factors) ...

Before testing, the blades have to be painted black to ensure a symmetrical thermal radiation. Painting is done in an additional cabin. After the measurement the blades or vanes are cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. 

Weld scanning within the test section (scanned areas are "painted black")... 

The scan area" field which is white at the start of scanning is painted black during the test so that the inspector will immediately see which areas still remain to be tested. The zone has not been 100% scanned until the entire field is black. If the probe movement is too fast, or if there is no coupling, or if the probe is rotated at too large an angle, there is no change in the color this means that the corresponding zone has not been properly scanned. 

Through the use of lab tests implemented by the pulp and paper companies in the United States and Canada it was determined that all but one manual technique were both unrepeatable and inaccurate. During some years ago the operators of black liquor recovery boilers have been able to take advantage of the latest teehnology to inspect the wall thickness of the near drum generator tubes. The technology utilises immersion ultrasound and automated computer... 

As can be expected, antimony compounds resemble those of arsenic. In the Marsh test, antimony compounds again give a black deposit which, unlike that formed by arsenic compounds, is insoluble in sodium chloratefi) solution. 

The oxidation of black lead(II) sulphide to the white sulphate is a very sensitive test if the black sulphide is used as a stain on filter paper. 

For a cobalt(ll) salt, the precipitation of the blue->pitik cobalt(II) hydroxide by alkali, or precipitation of black cobalt(II) sulphide by hydrogen sulphide provide useful tests the hydroxide is soluble in excess alkali and is oxidised by air to the brown CoO(OH) . 

Schiff s test. Dissolve about o i g. of uric acid in NsjCOj solution and pour some of this solution on to a filter-paper which has been moistened with AgNO solution a black stain of metallic silver results. 

It is advisable to test a small portion of the filtrate for platinum by acidifying with hydrochloric acid and adding a few drops of stannous chloride solution a yellow or brown colour develops according to the quantity of platinum pVesent. The yellow colour is soluble in ether, thus rendering the t t more sensitive. If platinum is found, treat the filtrate with excess of formaldehyde and sodium iQrdroxide solution and heat,- platinum black septarates on standing and may be filtered and worked up with other platinum residues (see Method 3). 

Recovery of the wopropyl alcohol. It is not usually economical to recover the isopropyl alcohol because of its lo v cost. However, if the alcohol is to be recovered, great care must be exercised particularly if it has been allowed to stand for several days peroxides are readily formed in the impure acetone - isopropyl alcohol mixtures. Test first for peroxides by adding 0-6 ml. of the isopropyl alcohol to 1 ml. of 10 per cent, potassium iodide solution acidified with 0-6 ml. of dilute (1 5) hydrochloric acid and mixed with a few drops of starch solution if a blue (or blue-black) coloration appears in one minute, the test is positive. One convenient method of removing the peroxides is to reflux each one litre of recovered isopropyl alcohol with 10-15 g. of solid stannous chloride for half an hour. Test for peroxides with a portion of the cooled solution if iodine is liberated, add further 5 g. portions of stannous chloride followed by refluxing for half-hour periods until the test is negative. Then add about 200 g. of quicklime, reflux for 4 hours, and distil (Fig. II, 47, 2) discard the first portion of the distillate until the test for acetone is negative (Crotyl Alcohol, Note 1). Peroxides generally redevelop in tliis purified isopropyl alcohol in several days. 

Cholestenone. Place a mixture of 1 0 g. of purified cholesterol and 0-2 g. of cupric oxide in a test-tube clamped securely at the top, add a fragment of Dry Ice in order to displace the air by carbon dioxide, and insert a plug of cotton wool in the mouth of the tube. Heat in a metal bath at 300-315° for 15 minutes and allow to cool rotate the test-tube occasionally in order to spread the melt on the sides. Warm with a few ml. of benzene and pour the black suspension directly into the top of a previously prepared chromatographic column (1) rinse the test-tube with a little more benzene and pour the rinsings into the column. With the aid of shght suction (> 3-4 cm. of mercury), draw the solution into the alumina column stir the top 0 -5 cm. or so with a stout copper wire to... 

Evidence of the organic nature of the substance may, be provided by the behaviour of the compound when heated on porcelain or platinum or other comparatively inert metal (e.g., nickel) the substance is inflammable, burns with a more or less smoky flame, chars and leaves a black residue consisting largely of carbon (compare Ignition Test above). 

Sulphur, as sulphide ion, is detected by precipitation as black lead sulphide with lead acetate solution and acetic acid or with sodium plumbite solution (an alkaLine solution of lead acetate). Halogens are detected as the characteristic silver halides by the addition of silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid the interfering influence of sulphide and cyanide ions in the latter tests are discussed under the individual elements. 

Reduction of a nitro compound to a hydroxylamine. Dissolve 0-5 g. of the compound in 10 ml. of 50 per cent, alcohol, add 0-5 g. of solid ammonium chloride and about 0 5 g. of zinc powder. Heat to boiling and allow the ensuing chemical reaction to proceed for 5 minutes. Filter from the excess of zinc powder and test the filtrate with ToUen s reagent see Section III,70,(i). An immediate black or grey precipitate or a silver mirror indicates the presence of a hydroxylamine formed by the reduction of the nitro compound. Alternatively, warm the filtrate with Fehling s solution a hydroxylamine will precipitate red cuprous oxide. (A blank test should be performed with the original compound.)... 

Molecules can be rendered as stick figures, ball and stick, CPK, and ribbons. Dot surfaces can also be included. Some regions were incorrectly shaded for small molecules on our test system running at 800 x 600 resolution with 24-bit color. The display uses a black background, but graphics are saved or printed with a white background. Overall, the rendering is adequate. 

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